Future in Psychology

When going into the field of psychology, one is able to explore many different careers. In this paper I will exam the career of teaching, and talk about the requirements one must obtain to become a teacher. I will also discuss the training for this field, preparations one should make when entering this field and the salary and advancement this field offers. When choosing what field one wants to go into, one should choose what they are interested in. I chose teaching because I like working with children and enjoy being a part of a child's growing up experience. By choosing the psychology, special education major, it allows me to do the career I wanted. In the past ten years, the enrollment in teaching training has increased. More and more people are choosing teaching as their profession. The requirements from the Department of Education are different for each state. At Marist College, they offer a New York State approved and registered undergraduate programs. This certification leads to different fields that one can go into. For example, one could chose, elementary and special education, which gives them a dual certification. This specific certification gives a background in liberal arts and in psychology. Graduates of this program are prepared to teach in a regular elementary classroom and are also able to teach in a setting with students that have special educational needs. The requirements for the program are that one must have a grade point average of a least 2.7, and have grades of a least a C+ in all courses in the professional sequence. Candidates in New York state must pass two exams and have three letters of recommendation. Teachers work thirty-five to forty weeks for a ten- month school year. An average salary in New Jersey's public schools for preschool is about 24,665 dollars per year. State wide elementary teachers earn an average of 45,880 per year. Substitute teachers earn eight dollars and ninety-two cents per hour. Once employed advancement comes with higher pay for experience and additional education. A teacher may obtain their tenure after a three-year probationary period. The employment for teaching jobs is expected to grow about as fast as the average for all occupations through the year 2005. The employment growth is compared to the population growth. The supply of teachers will increase as improvement of job prospect increases. The public and state agencies are demanding higher standards in public education. Therefore, teachers will not only be in demand programs, but will need stronger backgrounds in education and psychology. The enrollment in teaching training has also increased within the past five years. I conclusion, the psychology, special education major is one that will prepare me for my career choice. Teaching is an important career and one that requires not only a solid education, but a love for children. It does have some requirements that may be difficult to obtain, but in the long run it will make it easier to obtain a good job. Teaching is a career that offers different things. By developing one's skills in basic reading, writing and math, one is able to give students the skill they need.

Frederick Douglass, Benjamin Franklin, and Ralph Waldo Emerson Essay

In our class, Survey of American Literature, we have read and analyzed the classic American works that have influenced and in some cases ingrained themselves into our country’s identity and belief system. Among those studied has been Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiography, Ralph Waldo Emerson’s essays, The American Scholar and Self -Reliance, and Frederick Douglass’ Narrative. Each of these covers a vast amount of subjects that could be discussed, but one that proves most compelling is the topic of education. These three men, who come from different life circumstances and have varied philosophies of life, each came to define the uses of education in their own ways. However, they do all seem to express the notion that education can be used to empower one’s self. In Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiography, comes through to me as a perfect example of the American dream, that being the idea that no matter where you come from, you can achieve almost anything with hard work and dedication. Coming from a lower-middle class Boston family to being one of the most famous Americans of all time is the classic rags to riches story that he himself lived out. The way he achieved this was by being self-educated. When looking at Franklin’s life, it could be said that he is a Renaissance man because he did so many things; he was a printer, a writer, an inventor, a scientist, and a statesman, and the only thing he had a formal education of was of printing. This American dream that is still deeply ingrained in our society today though, always seemed to be a bit of a myth to me. I don’t think it is right to say that if you are willing to work hard enough, you will always achieve success. Things are not that simple. Of course hard work can get you places, but some people work very hard their entire lives and still don’t achieve success due to unfair circumstances. I would say that success is achieved not only by hard work, but also by the right circumstances and a bit of luck. It seems to me that Franklin did not view education as what is important in life. What is important to him is what you accomplish in life. He talks about success and how to achieve it, and education is only part of that. â€Å"I grew convinc’d that Truth, Sincerity and Integrity in Dealings between Man and Man, were of the utmost Importance to the Felicity of Life†¦Ã¢â‚¬  pg. 268, Benjamin Franklin, The Autobiography (Part 1), The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Not that education could be seen as unimportant to him. He did create the first ever circulating library, which is a way in which others can become self-educated. He almost certainly felt that education was of great importance. It is just that I think he viewed education as a necessary means to get to the greater goal of being a successful person. Education was a way to prepare oneself for success. Ralph Waldo Emerson was a Transcendentalist, and therefore had a somewhat different take on education. He believed that all people are inherently divine. According to him, we all know truth in hearts but we often don’t recognize it or express it. I think he wants people to listen more closely to themselves for answers to their questions. Education can be used to inspire us and help us realize our truths. In The American Scholar, Emerson says the true sources of education are nature, the mind of the past (most influential being books), and the action taken of the heroic mind. In nature he believes we see a visible representation of what is in your self, and that is ultimately divine. And because true wisdom lies within, books can help bring it out. What is most interesting to me is that of taking action with the knowledge you have. I think here he relates to Franklin in the thought that an education is no good if you don’t go and use it. His definition of action: â€Å"The preamble of thought, the transition through which it passes form the unconscious to the conscious, is action. Only so much I know as I have lived†¦Ã¢â‚¬  pg. 519, Ralph Waldo Emerson, The American Scholar, The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Without action, a person would never experience the life issues that they studied. That would make it impossible to fully understand or form an  opinion over almost anything. Gaining knowledge will only be important if it is applied through action, and validated by action. Emerson sees education as way to inspire your own mind, and in turn, help you on a road of self-discovery in your own wisdom. Frederick Douglass comes from the most difficult circumstances (to put it lightly), being that he was enslaved and a black American in the 19th century. His autobiography is a story of self-discovery; he details how his growing awareness of his condition, through his self-acquired education, propelled him to re-imagine himself. He had to learn to think of himself as a human being rather than as a beast of burden, as a free man rather than as a slave. This required him to educate himself at the risk of brutal punishment and then to take the even greater risk of an escape attempt. After one failed try that could easily have cost him his life, he succeeded the second time. Douglass’ story is one of self-reliance. To him, education was necessary to his survival because it offered him a first step to get out of a life of slavery. â€Å"I understood the pathway from slavery to freedom†¦Though conscious of the difficulty of learning without a teacher, I set out with high hope, and a fixed purpose, at whatever cost of trouble, to learn how to read†¦Ã¢â‚¬  pg. 946, Frederick Douglass, Narrative, The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Each of these men, Franklin, Emerson, and Douglass, viewed the need for education for seemingly different purposes. Franklin, who focused on how to be a successful person understood that education, was an important step in preparing oneself for future accomplishments. Emerson felt we all had the answers within, but saw education as a way to prompt our understanding of those inner truths and convince us to express them. Douglass used education for survival and a small ray of hope that he would not remain a slave forever. But what is true of all these men is that education was used to better themselves, they’re understanding of the world around them, and to then educate others through their literary works. To educate the self is to empower the self.

Current events paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Current events paper - Essay Example Managing adequate levels of inventory is important to ensure that the firm’s inventory balance does not hurt the cash position of a firm. In the retailing industry the merchandise in the shelves of the stores represent the inventory of the company. A way to reduce the cost of acquiring merchandise in the merchandising sector is by purchasing in bulk. Companies that purchase in bulk are able to achieve economies of scale. A way to reduce the risk of losing inventory due to fires, natural disasters, or theft is by purchasing insurance for the inventory of a company. The article Your Inventory is Your Cash: Handle With Care (4 Cost-Cutting Tips) discusses the effect and importance of inventory for companies in the industry. Smart use of inventory is an important factor that managers must consider. A lot of space, sales opportunities and cash are tied up on inventory. Storing adequate levels of inventory is important to achieve sales growth. â€Å"Smart use of inventory is vital for them and also for you, if you keep and store any kind of goods or supplies in the operation of your business† (Williams). Four strategies that must be used to manage inventory are frugality, cost tracking, inventory tracking, and sales monitoring. Proper management of inventory can increase the profitability and cash flow of a company. It is important to minimize the amount of slow selling products on inventory. Minimizing inventory saves warehouse space, prevents products from going bad, and it saves money. Tracking costs allows companies to establish appropri ate price levels for its customers. Monitoring costs gives managers the ability to identify areas for improvement. Tracking inventory can help a company determine the proper reorder point of inventory items. Sales monitoring gives the manager the ability to determine the adequate sales level when demand changes. Inventory management has become a critical

The Stone Angel Hagars objective moment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Stone Angel Hagars objective moment - Essay Example On the one hand, her fighting spirit is a great attribute in her life, and on the other hand, her pride in her early years has been a problem for her while managing the changes that take place in course of a life time. Looking at the life of Hagar Shipley in this book, the most objective moment in her life was the one when a stubborn and proud Hagar is broken at the hands of poverty. The moment where she realizes that she is no more the all important wealthy person but just another woman who does not have any money, is the most objective moment. In this moment, Hagar who has been stubborn all her life and whose heart has been full of pride, has gone back to the â€Å"Curries† General store. This was the store once opened by her father and thus she was confident she can get a credit from this store. However, by the time she meets the manager, instead of requesting a credit, she just begs for a loaf, to feed her kids and herself. She was dressed poorly as she could not afford an ything fancier. The proud stubborn Hagar Shipley realizes her life has changed; she’s not the same fancy wealthy person she once was with her family. She finally sees herself for the lower class old lady she has become. References: Laurence, Margaret.

Question set 5 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Question set 5 - Assignment Example Contrast the expectations of transactional and transformational leaders. The four different factors associated with Bass’s theory of transformational leadership are individual consideration, intellectual stimulation, inspiration, and idealized influence. Individual consideration places an emphasis on what the group member needs, intellectual stimulation ensures that the leader seeks ideas from the group and encourages them to contribute, inspiration gives meaning to the task at hand, and idealized influence refers to the leader becoming a full-fledged role model. An example of a leader who exhibits all of these factors, and not just one or two of them was found in Steve Jobs, who worked to ensure that he and his employees transformed the business world. Transactional leaders, or managerial leaders focus instead on the role of supervision, organization, and group leadership, in which the leader works to promote compliance in their followers based on a reward/punishment system. 2. Team Leadership. Describe the role of leadership within teams. What are the primary reasons that teams fail? What can ensure team success? Give a personal example of team success. A team must always have a leader, and as such, there are certain characteristics that comprise the role of leadership within a team. The leader must keep the team to a specific purpose, they must have the knowledge to judge and act prudently, they must accept their authority over the team, use that power to make decisions, and at the same time recognize that those decisions affect all members of the team, and as such should only be used to further the shared purpose of the team itself, and finally, the leader must be trustworthy; the team must know, understand, and recognize that the decisions the leader makes are for the common goal. Teams may fail because they lack shared values, shared objectives, shared activities, a poor leader, or lack the ability to accurately gauge their progress. In order to en sure team success, the team must have a strong leader, all work must be divided equally, all members must be held accountable for their share of the work, and progress must be made in a timely fashion. One personal example of team success would be working with several other students to start and complete a group assignment for school and have it submitted before the due date. 3. Negative Leadership. This week there were two case studies: Mayor Rudolph Giuliani, Knight of the British Empire and Chuck MacKinnon. In reviewing the two cases, address the following questions: a. Mayor Rudolph Giuliani, Knight of the British Empire: What are the elements that lead to Giuliani’s miraculous transformation? What lessons could corporations with negative public reputations learn from this case? b. Chuck MacKinnon: Where might MacKinnon have gone wrong? What did he do well and what were his most significant mistakes? Was his management style to blame? What could be done to fix things now? What lessons can you take away from this case to become a better leader? The main elements that lead to former New York City Mayor Rudolph Giuliani’s transformation from a person who was not well liked or well respected into a true leader were not the decreased crime rate that he worked to bring about, nor the implementation of budget discipline, but were through the practical

Cross cultural management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10500 words

Cross cultural management - Essay Example TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 4 2. Literature Review 6 2.1. Background research on Leadership 6 2.2. Background Research on Cross Cultural Management 9 2.3. Theory of Hofstede 15 3. Leadership in Egypt 19 3.1. Current Situation 19 3.2. Challenges 20 3.3. Impacts 22 3.4. Implications for Managers in Global Management 25 4. Findings 26 5. Discussion 29 6. Conclusion & Recommendations 32 7. References 34 1. Introduction Leaders are not born, they are made. The most common myth about leadership is the converse of the previous statement, which indeed is creating waves of many more misconceptions amongst those aspiring leaders and entrepreneurs around the world. There was a time when only few men and women dared to question, rebel against odds, voice for the weak and talk for the helpless. But today there is a need for each one of us to dare, rebel, voice and talk, but like leaders and not losers. Andrew Carnegie’s thought provoking statement is worth a note here which states â €Å"No man will make a great leader who wants to do it all himself, or to get all the credit for doing it†. ... If we see the current trends of leadership, there are various personalities who have quoted many inspirational words about leadership and for the future leaders as well. We see Jeff Barnes quoting â€Å"There are no boundaries anymore.† This means the businesses and organizations are looking out for globalization and make their mark all over the world. In the last 10 years the world has seen a fast changes in the business world. When there was economic downturn started in December 2007, many of the interviewees had the thought that it is somewhat different than what was happened 10 years ago. According to Roland Smith’s saying this new environment is regarded as a perpetual whitewater. The Chief Executive Officers (CEO’s) of all the big and renowned organizations have backed the saying of Roland Smith and they were not sure as to how to tackle this changing environment as the equipments are were not available that time. In Egypt the most remarkable monument or st ructure is the Pyramid. If you notice Pyramid, you can see that the tip of it is painted with gold. The reason for that is to get connected with the sun. The Pyramids have always challenged the modern science to build something since the technology and skill sets of the manpower have been advanced with time. Today it has been more than a year since the reign of Dictator Mubarak is ended. Now it is high time for the country to look ahead and reform its social, political and most importantly economic stature. Today the country is in need of a leader who can coach and inspire the nation, which will help in mobilizing the country towards growth and prosperity. The well-known examples of this type of

Fashion Retailer Zara Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Fashion Retailer Zara - Assignment Example The essay "Fashion Retailer Zara" discovers the marketing strategy of Zara. Zara designs all its clothes and majority of it is in Spain (about 80 percent). It focuses on shorter response time, which enables it to meet the constantly shifting fashion trends. However such moves do not take months, but this swift process is complete within in 30 days. And with this short time, Zara identifies the trends, design it clothes, supply it to all its stores. In short it means catching up a trend when it is in vogue in the fashion circles, rather than discusses it for months and then ask the overseas producers to work on it. On the contrary, even the smallest retailer takes up. Three to four months research, thinking, discussion for any such project, while bigger retailer take up to 9 months to produce to similar result. When the analysts start to forecast the fashion trends, Zara moves ahead for next trend. The trend identification is done through extensive research process in which every one in the organisation is involved. In the manufacturing environment, Zara’s product development teams fashion shows and catwalks and exhibition and then translate the latest fashionable ideas into products. Zara development teams visits universities and clubs to track the customer’s preferences and choices and understand the changing consumer’s needs. There are also teams in the international arena who also observe the latest fashion trends and report to the head office. Zara mangers also help in tracking customer.... t the Zara mangers also help in tracking customer demands through sales analysis, all of this process enables Zara to meet customer's needs and be ahead of its rivals. The research is not traditional research, but it includes email and phone calls from various stores to head office, to which Zara manufacturing machinery responds by designing the proposed item within 2 weeks time. Thus we can see, that it is the lead time and keeping up with the fashion trends which makes Zara the leader of the fashion industry. Low Risk Low Production Normally any proposed item (apparel) among other retailers is made in bulk, which always has the risk being a failure. Zara reduces this risk by producing in lesser quantity, thus instead of going for bulk production, it prefers fewer items. This approach gives Zara's double benefit, such as lesser risk and creating more demand by making artificial scarcity, which means it can charge more and earn extra profit. It is natural with all objects especially fashion products; they become more desirable making them more profitable for the company. Normally it is very rare to find a product in its early launch days, a customer has to request the item, which is taken into notice by the store manager and produced within a shortest period of time. Another benefit of this approach is that if the product does sell well, it can be easily scarped back due to lesser quantity, which is not possible for other retailers or in some cases it is moved to another location, where it is selling well. Leading in Innovation As for other retailers their profits comes through mass sale and bulk production. Zara instead produce more styles (new items) than any other retail store and generates profit through greater number rather than bulk production. For

Foreign Direct Investment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Foreign Direct Investment - Essay Example IFIs have been in existence courtesy of political and economic interests. Faster economic integration, through the elimination of cross-border barriers between the member countries, raises the possibility the spread of economic crisis across the region in the event of a policy failure and the role of international financial institutions in future to alleviate the problem. This is especially true because IFIs have not acted fast or adequate enough to enable countries avoid or manage the impacts of financial crises (Marktanner and Salman 4479). The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank are prominent IFIs, which provide financial services across the world. They were both set up at Bretton Woods in 1944 to control the post-war global economy. The establishment of IMF was inspired by the desire to manage the modalities of fixed exchange rates across states and to help nation-states ease budget shortfalls, while the World Bank’s scope at its inception was to enable na tions achieve post-war reconstruction efforts. Since then, the roles of both institutions have changed significantly following a swift evolution of the scope and mandate of international economy. These international changes have sparked concerns relating to the significance of the two international financial institutions. ... Nonetheless, the United States’ stance on the balance of payments weakened drastically in the 1960s as a result of heavy military budgets and soaring inflation rates. As a result, the suspension of the United States convertibility to gold in early 1970s led to the disintegration of the monetary system agreed upon at Bretton Woods. And for four decades now, all nations have set up internal mechanism to guide exchange rates. These range from fixed currency exchange rates to controlled floats and liberal floating systems. Benefits of IFIs Despite the shortfalls, IFIs are advantageous because the credit risk often comes out in adverse cases. As a result, the establishment of IFIs to cater for the financial needs of governments cannot be rivalled by the private sector. IFIs offer financial services at highly reduced costs, and do not exert a lot of pressures upon the loaner. This means IFIs operate in an even-handed manner, without passing extra costs to the loaner (Marktanner and Salman 4482). As the economy is mostly forced to factor in the political effects, this risk is invisible in the operation of IFIs. These organizations represent the qualified source of finances and may provide financial services at, or below the market interest rate, this being allowed even in the scenarios where global capital market reigns. In the event that the global capital markets remain steadfast, the ensuing scenario often manifests in the missing certitude in loaning each country, which essentially takes place due to the essence of the management of the economy. The challenge that a government may not have the capacity to handle the duty service is much reduced in a national economy that has

Oral Language and Code-Related Precursors to Reading Essay

Oral Language and Code-Related Precursors to Reading - Essay Example Juan describes his interests as playing basketball, swimming, and fishing, which he normally undertake with his family, particularly his father and brother. He claims to have a big difficulty in school though, specifically in reading and writing English words. He says that way back in Mexico, he used to appreciate Science, but right now where every subject matter including Science needs to be learned and understood in the English language, he begins to dislike the subject matter. He has average scores in Math concepts exhibited by his scores in quizzes and long examinations. He is however poor in word attack and English vocabulary, which affects his performance in other subjects including Science, which used to be his favorite. Â  I was able to talk to Juan’s aunt once, upon visiting Juan and gathering information from his family about things related to his reading progress. This is where I found that both of Juan’s parents live in Mexico and had little schooling. The aunt related that both boys frequently scan their notes upon arriving home and practice reading orally. However, there are some questions that she could not answer, such as the correct pronunciation of a word or the meaning of a particular word, or if the sentence the boys have just uttered is grammatically correct, since she herself has a limitation in the English language as she just migrated to the United States five months ago. Juan is thus left with only the school to rely on when learning to read. Â  Juan appears to be persevering during reading sessions and tries hard to understand each word. Often, when he could not pronounce a word, he approaches me and asks how it is pronounced. He repeatedly utters the new-learned word until he thinks it sinks in.

Retail Store Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Retail Store Design - Essay Example stores to asses the extend of the easiness in shopping for the customers. It was proposed to evaluate the degree of illumination in the shopping space, product shelves etc and a comparison across different stores on these factors and how it influenced the shoppers choice on selection of stores. Further, a comparison across the U.S. and U.K. stores was also carried out. The purpose of such comparison is to understand the pattern of change across the countries and the customer attitude behavior in the shopping in retail stores. Another major research question that is addressed here is on predicting the customer decision to shop in one store over the other. It could be due to different set of reasons and hence the research undertaken here must be able to expose the key factors that would drive the customer decision-making. in the retail store selection. In addition, it is also planned to have an evaluation on the effect of store lighting on the decision taken to shop in a particular sho p by the customer. The retail business segment is a very vibrant and dynamic area of commercial operations that demands specialized design of its building systems. The building envelope and interior features in the retail establishments are found to have direct influence on both the mental and physical well being of the occupants as well as the clients (Hiserdot, 2002). Incorporation of technology in the business operations have helped to bring tremendous transformation on the business functions and have also led to the innovative design of the functional space of the retail business unit. The two major components that design of a retail business unit must focus are design of interiors and establishing a favorable environment for effective the visual communication (Retail Systems, n.d.) Some of the specific interventions in the retail system designs are (i) Reliable and secure systems based on efficient automated systems and (ii) Solutions that are environmentally friendly and cost effective operation s (Salvador, et al. , 2006). The retail design process is a very rigid exercise involving large number of interconnected activities like the design of the exterior, floor plan creation with selling space demarcation, interior planning, placing of fixtures and merchandise on the shelves. Unlike the traditional approaches the design process is expected involves a thorough review of the past with clear understanding of the differences with the present. It is said to create a very rich design with the help of research data. To create a changing environment in the shopping space, it is better if the designs are considered as modular and flexible. The retail segment consists of large pool of trading stores. The primary classes of the retail trade are grocery stores, drug store, convenience store, discount stores and mass merchants, department stores, specialty stores, catalogue and internet shopping. Retail Drug Stores Drug stores are among the fastest growing retail stores. This is driven partially by aging baby boomers that require more healthcare products, but also as a strategy to siphon customers away from conventional stores. Consolidation in the industry has left three national players with several thousand stores each: Walgreens Drug, CVS and Rite Aid. The study undertaken here have chosen Walgreens drug and Rite aid as the samples for

Into Thin Air Analysis Essay Example for Free

Into Thin Air Analysis Essay â€Å"Brilliant. Vertiginously exciting†¦vibrantly imagined. An achievement of extraordinary depth and beauty of the natural world.† –Raul Dagmar Into Thin Air is based on a true story seen through the eyes of Jon Krakauer. He is a journalist and mountain climber who decides to climb the treacherous Mount Everest and joins the most disastrous expedition in history. Krakauer mixes in with the climbing service called Adventure Consultants, which is guided by Rob Hall who is also responsible for the lives of ten other climbers. The climb is structured into camps: Base Camp, Camp One, Camp Two, Camp Three and Camp Four. After spending weeks at Base Camp, the group makes a number of trips up to the other camps to speed up the acclimatization process. Throughout the climb to the summit, Krakauer significantly details his teammates, his guides and other expeditions on the mountain. He tries to link together a continuous timeline of the events that take place in the weeks they are on the mountain. Everest is a bare and harsh land. All of the clients have difficulty adjusting to the altitude, tiring easily and losing oxygen. The climbers experience in mountain climbing and at high altitudes varies—some of them are qualified while others very inexperienced and highly dependent on the guides. Will they survive? â€Å"†¦[Krakauer] reveals that the human spirit has infinite ability to grow and can never be limited by circumstance. It will change the way you look at the obstacles of your own life and the American Dream.† -Henry David Thoreau

The Marine Industry

The Marine Industry Introduction Purpose This report aims to educate readers about the safety of seafarers going to sea and the possible dangers that they face. The report will also elaborate about the ongoing issues and measures taken to ensure the safety of the seafarers. Background Marine Industry has been a major platform for investment and income since the ancient times. Seafarers face possible dangers from collision of ships, fire and weather conditions. Therefore, the casualties onboard a ship have been increasing due to lack of awareness towards safety on board the ship. The International Maritime Organisation( IMO) took steps to prevent such disasters from happening. Rules have been set up to make sure the equipments onboard the ship are up to date, certified and are regularly inspected. Workers onboard must be well trained in the safety aspects. According to the International Maritime Organisation(2009),ship safety is a subject that is currently receiving high attention by most countries. The International Maritime Organisation(2009) said that this was due to a number of serious vessel casualties that have occurred in recent years. Methodology The information for this report was obtained from the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) 1974 edition, reference books, research about shipping companies and the internet. Case studies were taken from online news articles. Scope As there are many possibilities that could happen onboard a ship, this report will investigate solely about the possible cause of fire at sea, preventive measures, consequences of fire, actual events that took place due to fire, types of fire and much more. Fire Hazards onboard the Ship Causes of Fire According to John G. Antherson (2000),the causes of fire on a ship arent a lot different than the causes of fires in any urban setting. As there are electrical circuits onboard the ship, there is a chance for an electrical fire is to occur. Machinery onboard a ship can get hot when its operating. An overheating bearing could cause a fire.(John G. Antherson 2000) Ships uses combustion systems to generating steam, and internal combustion engines are used generate electricity. These combustion system will get very hot and can cause a fire.(John G. Antherson 2000) Closed machinery spaces and the volatility of fuel, lubricants and hydraulic fluids around the hot machinery can lead to a fire or an explosion. A collision at sea could initiate a fire. The galley where food is prepared is another fire hazard on board a ship.(John G. Antherson 2000) During ship repairing, metal cutting and welding equipment is carried and used to faulty equipment. Sparks from this equipments could also start a fire. There are some more possible ways fires could be started. Fire hazards in the cabin could also cause fire to occur. An article (Anon: Fires In Ships 2002) states that careless smoking is the main cause of fires in ships. In one case scenario, sixteen Chinese nationals have been taken to the hospital after a fire broke out in their ship(APL Columbia) at port Botany on 5 January 2010.A crew member onboard the 45,000 tonne APL Columbia(IMO:9252242) noticed a fire in his cabin about 1.30am.The man tried to put out the fire but was unsuccessful.The crew members had suffered from smoke inhalation and the fire was put out about 5.30 am using the ships own firefighting equipment. In another case scenario, a fire broke out in the engine room. A Maersk container ship (Maersk Duffield) crossed Brisbanes Moreton Bay with its engine room on fire and the Emergency Management Queensland helicopter is en route to assist. One crew member required treatment. Shipping Database,2009-2010[Online] Available from: http://www.shippingdatabase.com/ [Accessed 31 January 2010] According to the chart ( figure 1) made by the Maritime Institute in Gdansk(2007), most fire accidents occur during ship repairs. Fire caused from ship repairs take up 79.3% of most fire accidents in their case study. Meanwhile, figure 2 showed that 24.11% of fire occurring on board a ship is located at the Cargo holds and tanks. Classes of Fire There are 4 types of fire that might occur onboard a ship. There are Class A , Class B , Class C and Class D fires. The U.S Department of Agriculture, Forest Service(2007) said that Ordinary combustible fires are the most common type of fire, and are designated under Class A fire . These occur when a solid, organic material such as wood, cloth, rubber, or plastic become heated to their flash point and ignite. This class of fire is fairly simple to combat and contain .According to National Fire Protection Association (NFPA 2008),the most common way to do this is by spraying the burning material with water, oxygen can also be removed by smothering the fire with foam from a fire extinguisher. Meanwhile, flammable liquid are categorized under Class B fire. The National Fire Protection Association(2008) reports that this fire follow the same basic fire tetrahedron (heat, fuel, oxygen, chemical reaction) as ordinary combustible fires, except that the fuel in question is a flammable liquid such as gasoline, or gas such as natural gas. An efficient way to extinguish a liquid or gas fueled fire is to disrupt the chemical chain reaction of the fire, which is done by dry chemical and Halon extinguishing agents. According to an extract from Industrial Hygiene and Information Management (2008): ESH Manual Chapter 40, Hazardous Materials, class D fire are fires that are caused by flammable or combustible metals. Examples given by the ESH manual Chapter 40, Hazardous Materials, of such metals are titanium , sodium ,magnesium, potassium, uranium and calcium. Generally, metal fire risks occur when sawdust, machine shavings and other metal are present. These fires can be ignited by the same types of ignition sources that would start other common fires. Wikipedia, Fire Classes [Online] Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_classes [Accessed 1 February 2010] A crew onboard a fishing vessel said that If a fire was to start onboard a ship, crew members onboard must know what type of fire it is. If a wrong extinguisher or method is being used, the fire might spread even more. ( Florida Sport Fishing Crew 2002) Consequences of fire Loss of Revenue and Marine Environment The International Maritime Organisation (2009) said that most accidents onboard a ship will result in a loss of revenue. Cargos onboard a ship might be damaged and millions of dollars worth of cargos and resources will be affected. Fire onboard a tanker ship will have a high chance of causing an explosion and fuel leaked into the sea will cause water pollution and that will affect the marine environment. Thousands of dollar will be used to clean up the oil spill. A case study given by the Port State Information exchange (2006) was that of Hyundai Fortune where an accidental fire broke out on 21st March 2006. The combined cost of the ship and damaged cargo is estimated at over 300 million US dollars. According to an online article by Brisbane Times, oil spill clean-up can be rather costly. In a case study by the article, an insurer of a Hong Kong-based cargo ship had to foot the bill for a 20 tonnes of diesel fuel into waters off Stradbroke Island. Authorities announced that the estimated cost of the clean-up will reach about $100,000 a day and take seven days to complete. Daniel Hurst 2009 , Oil spill clean-up to cost $100,000 a day[Online] Brisbane times Available from: http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/news/queensland/oil-spill-cleanup-to-cost-100000-a-day/2009/03/12/1236447368184.html [Accessed on 7th February 2010] Political Fallout Political fallout might also occur if swift action is not taken. Political fallout will cause the reputation of the government or authority to be at stake.(M.Masellis and S.W.A.Gunn 1992) The disasters that occur within the Maritime Industries can be used as an example for opposition parties to blame the government and this might change the mindset of the society towards the government. According to an online article by BBC news, an oil well in the Timor Sea off the north-west coast of Australia caught fire. The oil rig had been leaking oil and marine fire fighters were struggling for ten weeks to stop the leak. The National Offshore Petroleum Safety Authority had been called out to help combat the fire and other teams such as the Geoscience Australia and the Australian Maritime Safety Authority were on standby. However, an opposition spokesman accused the Environment Minister of Australia of doing nothing to stop the oil leak. BBC News 2009 , Australia well catches fire [Online] Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8336564.stm Human Casualties Accidents onboard a ship will also cause human casualties to occur. Fire especially will be life threatening onboard a passenger ship and it will cause chaos and panic among passengers. ( L.M. Collins 1999) A good way to ensure that human life is not lost is for the crew and passengers to follow instructions given by the Captain. If the passengers follow the instructions swiftly, they will be able to escape from the ship safely.( L.M. Collins 1999) One of the major events that had many human casualties was that of RMS Titanic. According to David G , Titanic was struck by an iceberg and sank in two hours and forty minutes on 15 April 1912. The sinking of the Titanic resulted in 1517 deaths out of the 2223 people on board. The high casualty rate was due to the fact that the ship was not carrying enough lifeboats for everyone onboard. Brown, David G. (2000). The Last Log of the Titanic. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 0071364471. Most fire cases are quickly dealt with and the only losses that the crew face are the cargos or raw materials onboard. Up to this day, passenger ship have not faced any fire incidents that resulted in major human casualties. Fire Safety Measures Safety of Life at Sea(SOLAS) M.Masellis and S.W.A.Gunn(1992) said that fire casualties on ships lead almost certainly to disastrous results because of the limited and isolated areas of the vessels and the lack of immediate and easy access for the rescue team. Preventive measures are therefore much more effective in the effort to avoid such casualties than rescue and fire-extinguishing procedures or devices. [Marine fire casualties in merchant ships: the Greek statistics 1992 Available from: http://www.springerlink.com/content/h8362077847j9127/] In 1914, The International Maritime Organisation had a convention among international leaders and maritime leaders to talk about maritime safety. Of all the international conventions dealing with maritime safety, the most important is the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea(SOLAS). There have been many versions of SOLAS adopted by the International Maritime Organisation but the present version was adopted in 1974 and entered into force in 1980.The SOLAS conventions have all covered many aspects of safety at sea. The convention in 1914 included chapters on safety of navigation, construction, fire protection and life-saving appliances.(International Maritime Organisation 2009) This shows that the International Maritime Organisation is constantly trying to find ways to improve the aspects of safety at sea to ensure the safety of seafarers life by introducing the Safety Of Life at Sea(SOLAS) and updating it. Fire Safety Test and Safety Equipment One of the fire safety measures is to conduct fire safety test for the ship. Fire safety of ships is an extremely important area. Before any material can be used onboard a ship, it must have successfully passed strict tests and have been certified for use. This is to ensure that the material or equipment does not pose a fire hazard onboard the ship. (SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden 2008) Another safety measure is to install safety equipments on the ship. Equipments such as fire extinguisher, sprinkler system , gas monitor and other safety equipments are being implemented. The International Maritime Organisation(IMO) is taking steps to introduce new and more sophisticated equipments onboard the ships. IMO hope to reduce the amount of accidents from occurring onboard the ship and will rely on this new equipments to combat the problem more efficiently. Service of ships and Equipments According to The Safety of Life At Sea 1974 edition, the ship and its safety equipments have to undergo service once every few years. Safety equipments include components that can deteriorate over time. Therefore, this can decrease the effectiveness of the equipment. Examples of such equipments stated in the Safety Of Life At Sea 1974 edition (SOLAS) are fire extinguishers, EPIRBs, flares, life jackets, life rafts and smoke signals. Servicing of the equipment must be done by the manufacturer or an authorised agent by the expiry date. The expiry date must be clearly marked on the equipment. Most life raft needs to be serviced every two or three years. Equipment that cannot be serviced or no longer works must be replaced if it is to be carried as part of the safety equipment onboard the ship.(The International Maritime Organisation 2009) In the event that an emergency were to occur and the safety equipments were to be faulty as they were not sent for servicing, the manufacturer should not be blamed as the expiry date have been stated clearly on the equipment. It is the duty of the crew onboard and its owner to send the equipments for servicing once the expiry date is over. According to the IMO 2009, maintenance and inspections of equipments must be recorded to provide objective evidence that these work have been carried out according to the manufacturers instructions. Proper training for the crew According to the Maritime Port Authority Singapore(MPA) 2010, Seafarers working on board a ship must have the valid certification or endorsements. In Singapore, these are issued by the Training Standards Department of MPA. Seafarers working on board a ship are required to have a valid Certificate of Competency (CoC) or endorsement, which comply with the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW). The crew must also be well trained in fire fighting and First Aid. Those who wish to work onboard a ship must have an Advance Fire Fighting Course certificate and Elementary First Aid certificate as well before they are qualified to work onboard (Maritime Port Authority Singapore 2010). The crew will also conduct regular safety drills after each departure from port. The crew are to follow their duty that had been assigned on the Muster List. By having proper trained crews onboard a ship, this will minimise the chance of human error and accidents from occurring. Furthermore, the crew are well trained to handle any emergencies such as fire . The International Maritime Organisation(IMO) 2009 once said that the quality and familiarisation are directly affected by the frequency and quality of the drills carried out. IMO added that a crew debrief after each drill is essential to emphasise lessons learned and to give additional training where necessary. Conclusion Further Improvements Every year, the International Maritime Organisation and other Maritime Body are working hand in hand to improve a seafarers life in terms of their living condition and to ensure that they are working in a safe environment. The organisation are trying to find constant improvement to reduce marine casualties, loss in revenue due to unwanted accidents. One improvement that can be introduce to the ship is the All-in-One fire extinguisher. This extinguisher would be able to combat any types of fire such as Class A , Class B, Class C or Class D fires. By having this fire extinguisher onboard the ship, the crew will not need to waste time to find different methods to combat different types of fire. Another improvement that could be introduced is the fire isolating system. This system will isolate the fire from spreading to other rooms and this will reduce the damage caused towards the ship. The Maritime Port Authority said that this new inventions will further improve the safety aspects but it still needs to undergo more tests before it can be implemented towards the ships. Human Error is still the Main Cause The International Maritime Organisation have taken steps to ensure that the technology and safety equipments being implemented are up to date. Even thought this is so, nothing can be done if the accident caused is by human error. Even if the crew had gone for proper training, human error will still occur. An article by B.S Dhillon(2007), human error costs the Maritime Industry $541 million per year and a study of 6091 major accident claims revealed that 62% of the claims were attributed to human error. B.S Dhillion(2007) added that human error contributes to 84% to 88% of tanker accidents. [B.S Dhillon 2007. Human Reliability and Error in Transportation Systems, Springer Series in Reliability Engineering . Page 1.] These incidents will result in crew injuries or death and the ship will be delayed or damaged. Even if there is mechanical failure, human error can play a role in terms of lack of maintenance , monitoring or a breakdown in communication. The Bahamas Maritime Authority added that crew fatigue and complacency can be a major factor in this incident. The Bahamas Maritime Authority said that Good equipment can cost more, but safety should be accorded a higher priority because a ship cannot be operated safely without the seafarer. References http://www.cruisebruise.com/princess_cruise_star_princess_fire_march_23_2006.html http://www.articledashboard.com/Article/Marine-Fire-Fighting-EquipmentSecuring-Ship-Safety-And-Damage-Control-Against-Fire/1252660 http://www.unols.org/publications/manuals/safe_man.html http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8336564.stm http://www.mpa.gov.sg/sites/port_and_shipping/for_seafarers/seafarer_certification/seafarer_certification.page http://www.springerlink.com/content/h8362077847j9127 http://www.mapreport.com/subtopics/d/n.html http://www.bahamasmaritime.com/Documents/Bulletins/72bulltn.pdf Summary In brief, the report describes about the various reasons why fire safety is an important factor for the maritime Industry. It also goes into the detail on the causes of fire onboard the ship. The consequences of fire is also gone into detail in this report to show the importance of safety at sea.

The Issues of Neglected Children Essay -- Child Abuse Neglect Childhoo

The Issues of Neglected Children â€Å" â€Å"Child†: means a boy or a girl apparently or effectively aged less than eighteen years† (Van Stolk 146). â€Å"Rich kids, middle-class kids, poor kids - all deal with risk and neglect on a scale unimagined in previous generations† (Hewitt 11). There are problems of poverty, absentee parents, divorce, violence and drugs, plus much more that is simply out of hand. Deprivation and rejection dominate the lives of many children, among both poor and middle-class. We cannot ensure the safety of children on the streets or in our homes. On the educational front the news is even more disturbing, since underachievement and failure are now very popular. Something else that contributes to child neglect is a fast rate of family breakdown. This is an effect of divorce and rapid increase in single parent pregnancies. Couples marrying today face an even higher chance of divorcing at some point during their lives together. â€Å"A family’s deterioration can come about in ways other than separation† (Wilson 50). Staying together, in certain conditions and situations may increase further economical or psychological problems that may affect the child. Social attitudes today are scarcely more tolerant. â€Å"With the ratio of one divorce in four marriages moving towards one in three, we have been forced to look beyond those unexamined assumptions to asses realistically the changing role and changing needs of the family in Canadian society† ( Canadian Council 28). For women, and their children, divorce can often put severe economic hardships on them. Another part of family breakdown can occur when the absence of a male presence or male support to single mother families. â€Å"In the years following divorce living standards for ex-wives drop by an average of 30 percent while those for men rise an 8 percent† (Hewitt 41). Although babies from teenage girls have declined, the unmarried single parent teenagers who have children has risen rapidly. â€Å"There are now close to half a million live births to unwed teenagers every year† (Hewitt 41). The children in our society are defined by their dependent status. â€Å"From birth, to early adulthood, children must look to others to provide the adequate and dependable economic support required to meet their needs† (Canadian Council 21). Even in early childhood, they cannot support themselves and even if th... ...ore worth doing than easing the pain and improving the life chances of vulnerable, blameless children† (Hewitt 283). We need to invest in our children to save ourselves from further disaster. An additional distinctive character, is if we revise our civil policies so that children may prosper, it will greatly improve the economic status of women. â€Å"Enhancing and enforcing child support awards eases the lives of the children of divorce but also bolsters the standard living of ex-wives; mandating parental leave improves life circumstances of infants but also protects the earning power of women and reduces wage gap..† (Hewitt 282). â€Å"If we fail to look after our children they will drag this nation down† (Hewitt 10). Bibliography: 1. Canadian Council on Children and Youth. Admittance restricted: The child as citizen in Canada. Ottawa, Ont. , c1978. 2. Hewitt, Sylvia Ann. When the bough breaks: the cost of neglecting our children. New York, New York. 1987. 3. Van Stolk, Mary. The battered child in Canada. Rev. ed.Toronto, McClelland and Stewart, c1978. 4. Wilson, Jeffrey. Up against it : Children and the law in Canada. Toronto, Anasi. c1980.

Martin Luther King Jr. :: Racism MLK History Historican Essays

Martin Luther King Jr.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Martin Luther King Jr. was definitely an influential speaker and writer. He was able to move people with his ideas and words. In his letter from the Birmingham jail he was trying to inform people of the injustices that African Americans were experiencing at this time. His audience was mainly the clergymen of the church. Since most Americans at this time believed that African Americans were uneducated and not on the same level as white Americans, MLK had to prove otherwise. MLK did this by using strong rhetoric in his speeches and letters. Two of the rhetoric styles that I feel was most effective were his use of logic and pathos. MLK knew that if he was going to make an impression on his audience he was going to have to bring his A game.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On page 182 we see some of MLK first usage of logos. He states that he is in Birmingham because of the injustice that is occurring there. He compares this to when the prophets in the eighth century B.C. left their homes to spread the word of Christ. He also compares himself to Paul, when he carried the word of Jesus Christ to the Greco-Roman world. I feel this is important for his letter because most of his audience was clergymen, and it also shows the importance of his message and also him being there in Birmingham. On the next page he breaks down the process and steps in a nonviolent campaign.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  MLK also does a good job of showing his emotions through pathos. He compliments his readers on page 182 by telling them that they are wise men and men of genuine good will. Another time when MLK uses pathos that stands out at me is on page 186 when he states that he has to explain to his six year old daughter that she cant attend fun world because the color of her skin. He also says â€Å"Its hurts him when he can see the clouds of

FIGHT IN THE FIELDS: CESAR CHAVEZ :: essays research papers

Fight in the Fields : Cesar Chavez   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Fight in the Fields: Cesar Chavez, by Margo Sorenson, two teenagers were not paying attention in history class, and their teacher assigned them Saturday school, pulling weeds. Kenneth and Aleesa weren’t friends, they were caught passing a note to someone. After, they started to work on Saturday, they both drank from a blue water jug, that sent them back in time. To the year 1965, where Cesar Chavez was helping out the field workers get their own union. By putting on a strike against the Schenley Company, who grow grapes in Delano, California, and sold them around the world. While, the teenagers were in the past, they lived and worked with the Lopez’s, Juan, Rosa, and their son Luis. Luis helped Kenneth and Aleesa understand what was happening during that time with the NFWA- National Farm Workers Association and the strike to get the workers a union of their own, and they all joined the NFWA. Which ended in the year 1970 and they were able to go ba ck to their time. Both Kenneth and Aleesa were able to experience the strike first hand, and when they went back home, they wished that they had paid a little bit more attention in class, and that they were going to from then on.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Even though, this is a fictional book, it tells a true story about the struggle of the farm worker to obtain a better life for themselves and their families. There are two main themes in this book, non-violence, and the fight for dignity. Cesar Chavez was a non-violent man who would do anything to not get in a fight while they where boycotting the growers. One, incident in the story was when a grower pulled out a gun, and he pointed it at the strikers, Chavez said, â€Å"He has a harder decision to make, we are just standing here in peace†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The picketer were beaten and put in jail before they would fight back and that is what why all farm workers look up to Cesar Chavez , along with his good friend Martin Luther King Jr. Non-Violence is the only way to solve anything. The growers in that time did not care about their workers, if people were striking, the growers would go to Mexico and bring in Braceros, mean that they would not have to sign the union contract and not take union workers, who were willing to work if the grower would sign the contract.

Subjects to Citizens: Locke, the Enlightenment

The idea of people as citizens rather than as subjects originates in 16th century Europe, during the Early Modern Period. During this period, European social order was in a state of flux as the rule of kings was confronted with a persistent and determined challenges defined by social forces that were pushing for more secular and democratic governments. There were both individuals and events that today may be seen as powerful drivers of those forces, and among them are John Locke, the Enlightenment, and the French Revolution.As such a force, the Enlightenment, which began during the mid-17th century and remained a major political and philosophical phenomenon until approximately 1800, had tremendous impact in the rise and triumph of democracy over monarchy. The Enlightenment was catalyzed by the persistent discourse of a number of philosophers and historians, one of the foremost of which was John Locke.The magnitude of change introduced by the Enlightenment is rendered more clearly whe n viewing that period in context of the preceding era—the Medieval Period, during which the rule of kings prevailed, sustained by an embedded religious institutions that qualified the lineages of kings for ruler ship through divine ordainment. The Church enjoyed considerable reciprocity from the crowns by doing so, because rulers recognized the equity that religion held in the minds of their â€Å"subjects†, and found value in making mutually beneficial agreements with the church to preserve this closed loop cycle of maintaining and preserving a rigid social order.The losers of course were the â€Å"subjects† of those kingdoms, who ultimately had little say in who ruled them, and who were indoctrinated into a life of mute slavery and poverty, deprived of both education as well as the right to imagine upward social mobility, much less the access to opportunities to actually pursue such improved quality of life.It was the endpoint of these social dynamics, and the progressive deterioration of social responsibility throughout the dual leadership trees of church and crown, that catalyzed the French Revolution during the last decade of the 18th century. The French Revolution, in a nutshell, was the revolt of the long repressed peasantry against what they rightfully recognized as a corrupt governmental power cartel defined by the closed loop relationships between the crown and the Church.The French Revolution really punctuates the spirit of the Enlightenment, because the Enlightenment was all about waking people up to the notion that they had a right to select their leaders and that anybody was capable of exercising reason and logic in doing so, and most importantly that exercising those capacities was a much better answer to society’s problems than continuing to rely on superstitious belief in the right of a lineage of kings to continue ruling despite worsening social conditions.It was not until the French Revolution however that the Enl ightenment really manifested full force. John Locke died nearly a century before the French Revolution, but he played a key role in developing the philosophies that activated and drove the Enlightenment, particularly through his composition of the Two Treatises. In these documents, he makes an effort to refute the notion that people do not have the capacity or knowledge or political understanding to select their own rulers.Locke’s philosophical arguments here really took those of opposing contemporaries like Sir Robert Filmer, whose viewpoints closely reflect the social order maintained by pre-Enlightenment establishment. Filmer’s Patriarcha: The Natural Power of Kings Defended Against the Unnatural Liberty of the People, a composition that presented arguments supporting the pre-existing social order of monarchic rule. The prevailing establishment justified monarchic rule through a number of arguments, both sociological and religious.Among these, they did so by arguing that a nation is like a family, with the population as the children as the king as the parent. Another argument was that to share the power of leadership in a democratic manner would be to invite and embrace the breakdown of social ethics, presumably because the natural disposition of a populace is to chafe under rules and laws and to desire more freedom, and that the endpoint of this would be excessive liberties, the deterioration of morality and ultimately the rise of an era where selfish and unjust rulers would take power.Rulers believed that the population simply could not, nor would they ever in a sustainable manner be capable of, responsibly selecting its own leaders. Locke challenged these ideas by introducing the concept of the Commonwealth, which would be defined by a social contract whereby the members of the Commonwealth participate in surrendering a certain level of liberty in order to ensure the stability of society and the preservation of the community.This surrender would only be the minimum required to preserve the peace, safety and security of the commonwealth, and part of this would involve the implementation of a democratic or republican system by which citizens would have at least a representative body in the government to ensure their needs were addressed. Notably, this was a key factor that activated in the French peasantry a desire to overthrow the First and Second estates, which they felt were taxing them without caring for their needs or interests.

Human Resource Training and Development Essay

train and study is a major(ip) investment made by employers , and so great c argon should be taken to ensure adequate pisss on the investment. train and emergence. Some experts try to differentiate tuition from reading. In this case, both educate and maturation is in the analogous meaning. educational activity is to a greater extent(prenominal) to piti open term, and focuses on current pick upfully of the employee and the governance. developing mean plot of land looks more to the coming(prenominal) needfully, whereby development atomic cast 18 slightly preparing employees for tomorrows courses, technology and economic situation. to the higher(prenominal)est degree on-the- cable discipline efforts atomic number 18 near ensuring that employees squeeze out carry through their pre direct tasks as well as possible. Leadership planmes, on the opposite hand, are an example of the development initiatives taken by employers to ensure they take a shit a s teady supply of senior autobuss ready to drive memorial tabletal success. cooking EMPLOYEES. Training is a education solve that conducts the acquisition of cognition, skills, and abilities or known as K. S. A. K. S. A. is necessary to successfully manage a pedigree. Several reasons exist for an organization to admit train for its employees. Here are the 4 reasons why K.S. A. is important. 1. Economic, friendly, technological, and governance re patchs stern specialise the skills in condition(p) to sidereal day antiquated in the future. 2. Planned organizational potpourris (such as the introduction of spick-and-span equipment) gutter make it necessary for employees to update their skills or memorise in the raw ones. 3. dischargeance problems at bottom an organization such as low productiveness or large scrap problems wad be decreased by readying. 4. Regulatory, contractual, professional, or certification issues trick require an employer to tolerate dev elop for it employees. STEPS TO A undefeated TRAINING PROGRAM. * Perform suppose abbreviation.* Perform needs judging * Establish educate objectives * Conduct information weapons platform* survey didactics outcomes Job outline. Job analysis is actually more foc development on the Knowledge, skills, and abilities (K. S. A. ). K. S. A. is actually necessary to successfully come a billet. Perform needs assessment. involve assessment is a systematic analysis of the detail preparation activities the organization requires to fulfil it objectives. In general, five methods arouse be used to gather needs assessment nurture 1. Interviews 2. Surveys / questionnaires 3. Observations 4. Focus groups 5. Document examination.Interviews with employees piece of ass be conducted by specia makes in the homophile Resource Deaprtment or by away experts. Basic questions that should unremarkably be asked are as follows 1. What problems is the employees having in his/her job. 2. Wha t additional skills and/or knowledge does the employee need to wear perform the job? 3. What educational activity does the employee entrust is compulsory? In conducting an interviews, every organization would oblige almost(prenominal) additional questions nigh particular proposition issues. In addition, if interviews are to provide serviceable information, employees must believe their in vex impart be valued and non be used a soak upst them.Surveys and/or questionnaires are besides oft used in needs assessment. Normally this involves developing a list of skills required to perform particular jobs in force(p)ly and asking employees to check those skills in which they believe they need cooking. METHODS OF TRAINING Several methods can be used to satisfy an organizations information needs and accomplish its objectives. Some of the more normally used methods include on-the-job instruction, job rotation, apprenticeship gentility, and schoolroom instruct. * On-The-Jo b educate.On-the-Job training or simply known as OTJ, is normally given by a senior employee or a manager. The employee is shown how to perform the job and allowed to do it under the trainers supervision. * Job rotation ( go bad training) whizz of the OTJ training is job rotation, about ms called bollocks up training. In job rotation, an several(prenominal) learns some(prenominal)(prenominal) different jobs within a expire unit or department and performs severally job for a specified duration period. One important advantage of job rotation is that it makes flexibility possible in the department. For example, when one member of a action unit is absent, a nonher someone can perform the job.The advantages of OTJ training are that no special facilities are required and the new employee does productive take a crap during the acquirement process. OTJ training has been found to be more legal than classroom training that may be seldom be used when the soulfulness returns t o the job. Its major disadvantages is that the pressures of the workplace can cause instruction of the employee to be baggy or neglected. * Apprenticeship Training Apprenticeship Training provides showtime workers with comprehensive training in the operative and theoretical aspects of work required in a highly skilled occupation.Apprenticeship programs liquify OTJ and classroom training to prepare workers for more than 800 skilled occupations such as ready reckoner operator and laboratory technician. * Classroom Training Classroom Training is conducted off the job and is probably the most familiar training method. It is an trenchant means of imparting information quickly to large groups with limited or no knowledge of the subject be presented. It is useful for teaching factual material, concepts, principles, and theories.Portions of druthers programs, some aspects of apprenticeship training, and safety programs are usually presented utilizing some form of classroom instruct ion. * realistic classroom Internet technology has civilize rapidly and as a government issue the training of Prev varlet employees is changing. In some companies, employee training has incited from the old ordinary style classroom to the internet. A realistic classroom is an online teaching and eruditeness environs that integrates chat rooms, desktop video conferencing, blade sites, and e-mail distributions into a typical lecture-based systems. realistic classroom offer training in either self-paced courses, real-time courses through intranets, or real-time video conferencing. In a typical virtual classroom, a professor lectures to a local class and a remote class that may be thousand of miles away. EVALUATING TRAINING When the results of a training program are quantifyd, a add of benefits accrue. Less effective programs can be withdrawn to save time and effort. Weaknesses within fixed programs can be identify and remedied. Evaluation of training can be broken down int o quatern areas 1. reaction How much did the trainees like the program?2. encyclopedism What principles, facts, and concepts were learned in the training program? 3. conduct Did the job behavior of the trainees lurch because of the program? 4. Results What were the results of the program in term of factorssuch as reduced be or reduction in turnover? * response Reaction evaluation should be subscribe a wide range of topics, including program content, structure and format, instructional techniques, instructors abilities and style, the graphic symbol of the learning environment, the extent to which training objectives were achieved, and recommendations for improvement.Reaction evaluation questionnaires are normally administrated immediately future(a) the training, but they can be administered several weeks later. The major flaw in using only reaction evaluation is that enthuasiasm of trainees cannot unavoidably be taken as demo of improved ability and performance * teaching Learning evaluation concerns how well the trainees tacit and absorbed the principles, facts, and skills taught. In teaching skills, classroom Prev pageboy demonstrations by trainees are a fairly objective way to determine how much learning is occurring.Where principles and facts are be taught, paper and pencils tests can be used. govern tests can be purchased to measure learning in many areas. In other areas, the trainers must develop their own tests. To produce an accurate picture of what was learned, trainees should be tried and true both forwards and after the program. * Behavior Behavior evaluation deals with the nature of the change in job behavior of the trainee and is much more difficult than reaction of learning evaluation. The following guidelines can patron evaluate behavioral change. A systematic assessment should be made of on the job (OTJ) performance on a forrader and after basis.The appraisal of performance should be made by one or more of the follo wing groups (the more the better) * The trainee * The trainees superior * The trainees subordinates * The trainees peers or other people thoroughly familiar with his/her performance. A statistical analysis should be made to compare performance before and after training and to relate changes to the training program. The post-training appraisal should be made several months after the training so that the trainees take a crap an opportunity to put what they make water learned into practice. A control group (one not receiving the training) should be used. * Results.Results evaluation attempts to measure changes in variables such as reduced turnover, reduced costs, improved efficiency, reduction in grievances, and step-ups in quantity and quality of production. As with behavior evaluation, pretests, posttests, and control groups are reqired in perform an accurate results evaluation. Prev Page BENEFITS OF TRAINING AND growing As we know, training is designed to change attitudes, deve lop skills, and impart knowledge. trenchant training programmes may require expenditure on the part of the employer, but they bring about a number of benefits to the organization, including * Increased productivity which in turn leads to higher profits. * much satisfied employees which lowers turnover rates. * Aid recruitment efforts making it easier to hire talented employees. * educate employees are more innovative. * The attach to is in a better position to farm by both nationally and world(prenominal)ly. Trained employees economic aid ensure that community profits are maximized. At the same time, the training of employees is remarkable at the macro level of the economy. Well- adroit stave can produce higher quality products which can successfully gain a leaved share of the world markets.By training and development organizing work nearly subordinates becomes fairly easy. The span of control of the managers ontogenesis which help the organizations in low costs and thus better allocation of resources takes place. It besides helps the managers effectively and efficiently attain the organizational goals. Also by training the employees helps the employees get updated with the latest skills and techniques, which in turn increase the productivity and output per worker and the marginal and average productivity per worker increases. THE MALAYSIA causa ON TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT.Malaysia is an example countrified that really put an efforts in browse to maintain and establish a good way of training and development. As we know, Prev Page Malaysia are now competing with highly sophisticated stave from many multinational high society from many nations. Through this, the Malaysian government takes a keen touch on in helping and encouraging employers to train their staff continuously. The government of Malaysia has established a number of initiatives which directly or indirectly help employers to train their employees. This include * A unblock edu cational system up to unoriginal level.* Subsidized tertiary education in public universities. * Encouraging top-class impertinent universities to establish branches or campuses or conduct training programmes . * Establishment of industrial Training Institutes to train industrial training instructors. * Introduction of the Pembangunan Sumber Manusia Bhd. Act. (Human Resource Development Bhd. Act. ) transnational HRD Types of Expatriates Expatriates Free Agent nitty-gritty at Home red Native triplex Citizen Proactive rush Stagnant Career Ethnocentric Adaptable Most Effective There are generally four roles of expatriations managers Free agent.There are cardinal parts of free agent. The first includes people who put their career above either the refer lodge or the outside action where they Prev Page are working. They a lot are highly effective, but they pass on move with little warning from one beau monde to another, may serve their own short term interests at the exp ense of the companys long term ones, and do not plan to return to their fireside sylvan. The second suits of people are who takes foreign assignment only for the large compensation. Heart at billet The heart at al-Qaeda type is very ethnocentric and usually eager to return home.When the company wants strong headquarter control, this type of person may be useful and effective. Going native The going native type learns and accepts the local way of doing credit line, want to stay put in the foreign location, and prefer not to consult headquarters. This type of person may be appropriate for situations in which the company follows multi domestic practices. Dual Citizen The dual citizen type has a clear pull ining of world(prenominal) needs, why he or she is necessitate at the foreign subsidiary and local. This type of person usually finds methods to align the interest of headquarters and the subsidiary.Generally, the dual citizen is most effective type of kick out managers. T raining and Development for Expatriate Managers Training focus on preparing the manager for a specific job, while development is concern with the developing skills of the manager when he work with the firm. Normally, most firms focus more on the training sooner than on development of the concern. Management development programmes for conduct managers increase overall skills levels by continuing learning in focus and rotations of managers through jobs within the global firms to gain more experiences.Management development is outflank to used as strategic instrument to build strong learning about other refining and informal management network, both of which are bearive of a transnational and global strategy. Before expatriates are sent for their foreign assignment, they need to be Prev Page hustling for their foreign assignment, they need to be prepared for their new and more challenging tasks. So, it is important for expatriates well trained before they leave the commonweal th. Training for expatriates managers involve obtaining skills for a particular foreign posting.Training can helps expatriates and their families to ready with the above problems associate to the foreign assignments. ethnical training, language training, and realistic training ordain help those expatriate to solve the problem and reduce expatriates failures. Cultural training Cultural training provides opportunities for expatriates to understand and value the gardening of the host untaught. The training must be cover the country socialization such as in aspect of history, politics, economy, religion, and social and business practices previous to departure.Cultural training can rear an appreciation of the host countrys culture and help in expatriate adjustment. Language training Although the English is the international language, expatriates are needed to learn and understand some language of the host country. It is because to helps effective communication between locals and e xpatriates. Language training helps to improve expatriatess effectiveness, aid expatriates in adjusting to foreign culture, and create a better corporate image. unimaginative training Practical training is the best mode to prepared the expatriates to adapt new environment and oscillatory activities.Sharing experiences with those who guard been to the hosts country is one way to have real carriage experiences prior to departure. at one time in the host country, seeking support from other expatriates from the same country would zipper up the process of fitting in the new environment. Practical training can help expatriates and family ease into day to day life of the host country. Repatriation training other issue in training and development is repatriation which refer to preparing expatriates for re-entry into their home country organization.This is the same to support expatriate to adjust the expatriate in a new environment. Prev Page bodge Cultural Training swing out hea thenish training is a openhearted of cultural training given to the latent expatriates before they go on their oversea assignments. Cross cultural training refers to the development of awareness between people where a common cultural framework does not exist. There are two approaches of cosset cultural training which are crabbed cultural awareness training and culture or country specific training. Cross Cultural Awareness Training.Cross cultural awareness training deals with the manifestation of culture in the workplace and has many applications. Its main purpose is to evaluate and undertake the challenges cross cultural differences can bring to the workplace. This training generates awareness of a foreign culture and creates misgiving of how to foster mutual trust, respect, and understanding in a different culture. This training an effort to equip potential expatriates with the knowledge and skills to effectively manage a multi-cultural staff.This training helps them to create fair and comfortable working environment and enhance negotiations with foreign clients or customers in discussing possible terms and conditions. assimilation or Country specific training Culture or country specific training is commonly targeted at individual or teams that often visit a foreign country or who frequently interact with foreign client. Such training usually focuses on areas such as values, morals, ethics, business practices, etiquette, protocol, or negotiation styles with course credit to one country.This better equips participants with the key skills. misgiving and appreciating intercultural differences ultimately promotes clearer communication, reduces communication, reduces barriers, builds trust, strengthen relationships, open horizons, and deed over tangible results in terms of business success. Repatriation of Expatriates Repatriation is a critical issues in the training and development of expatriates managers. Repatriation is concerned when the expatriates w ho have been supporting afield for certain period of time for re-entry into their Prev Page home country.Repatriation should be seen as the final link in an integrated, peak process that selects, train, sends, and brings home expatriate managers. Repatriation is the return of the expatriate to his or home country following completion of a prolonged foreign assignment. Repatriation is needed as expatriates who have spent a few days in host country cultures often experiences distress in readapting to their own home culture. The distress is normally caused by adaptation to the host country, followed by re-entry, which means that they have adapt to something that they left before.This creates disturbance in the early period of coming back, and is referred to as reverse culture electrical shock. The disturbance is worse when returning managers are not able to get the right position or nothing more than to get the position in the home office. Like expatriation, repatriation require s advance preparation. If repatriation is not properly managed, the expatriate will encounter problem when returning to the home country. Some of returning employees fell that their international experiences is not valued because they be lay in lower position kinda than high position on overseas.Moreover, some expatriates report that they have difficulties in pecuniary upon returned. Many experiences reverse culture shock when in readjustment to home country culture. For employees and employee who have worked several years abroad have difficulties to readjustment the daily life like before. Problem with repatriation arises in tercet general areas such as personalized finances, readjustment to the home country work environment, and readjustment to the home country social life. Companies give expatriate many fiscal benefits to encourage them to accept a foreign assignment.While abroad, expatriates may live in the high standard neighbourhood and sent their children to the private schools, socialize with elite group, and motionless save more money because of high wages. Some of human resources practices for smoothing repatriation including providing expatriates with an advance notices of when they will return, more information about their new jobs, placement in suitable job regarding with their foreign experiences, housing assistance, reorientation programmes, periodic visits to headquarters, and enlisting a formal headquarters mentor to watch over their interests while.

How to write an introduction for a dissertation?

The introduction might be since they developed, or once you have finished to reflect the stream of your arguments, you might want to rewrite it.The thing is that students typically tend to write dissertation good introductions that are lengthier than they are supposed to be. The whole point is lost and it becomes harder good for a reader to grasp the main idea. Writing a very detailed introduction is another common problem. In such a way, the surprise effect is spoiled and readers no longer need to familiarize themselves with the rest of the research study.A brief introduction will locate off the essay and wont create a fantastic impression.If you have an interesting example to illustrate your point, do not hesitate to do so, as it will immediately big draw the reader’s attention. Then, proceed to describe the topic of your dissertation. Define the subject you want to research. Try to choose something unusual or under-researched.

Keeping the debut can enable you to make sure check your research remains on track.Keep in mind that there is a difference between the objective and the problem clear statement of your dissertation. Use research questions to dwell upon the problem statement. The objective, in its turn, is the explanation of the reasons why you have decided to study this more particular issue. Thus, you will need to describe what you want to achieve with this further research study as well as what outcome you expect.Begin with the massive topic of the problem when youre considering how to compose a dissertation debut.Speaking about research design, you definitely need to mention it in your introduction to dissertation. Provide a brief summary of it. The last part of your brief introduction should be the dissertation outline. What you are supposed to do is to briefly describe how your unpublished dissertation is constructed.

It has to be intriguing so as to arouse interest, and stick out.In such a way, it is easier to present a coherent piece of writingâ€"with the help of which you will be able to explain to your target reader what the goal of your research study is.Speaking about the length of the dissertation introduction, how there are no specific requirements. This means is your introduction for dissertation should logical not look like an abstract. However, it does not also mean you are supposed to submit a huge document.Studies dont have hypotheses.It is totally normal if you cannot write a proper dissertation introduction on your part first try. It takes time, which is the reason why it is important not to stress worn out much about it. Take a break. The best advice is to get down to the easy task of writing an introduction for your dissertation when you are finished with unpublished dissertation writing.

In an abstract you must outline what your study is about in character.Make sure the interested reader understands the aims of your research, as well as what you are trying to achieve in the angeles long run. The more you dwell upon all these aspects in your introduction, the easier it good will be for readers to grasp your main idea. Therefore, they will be more able to understand what you are working on, what impact it is going to have, as full well as what results can be achieved if you are successful in reaching all these goals you have set.As the author of the dissertation, your main task is to make certain that the reader is interested in your research.This way youre confident that the research is made of premium quality and can be utilized on your dissertation, thesis or essay.Begin with outlining the main argument right away. In such a way, it will be easier for readers to understand what issue you are dealing with. Then, dwell upon the methodology you have used. Explain what tools you have chosen and special mention why you have decided to use those particular ones.

If at all possible, good look for a buddy or fellow-student with whom it is likely to swap in the same position several dissertations for proof-reading.Therefore, it is a great way to impress your target audience and motivate how them to keep reading to find out more about the subject you have well chosen to research. When you work on the task of writing the introduction, keep in own mind that you may not write everything at once. If you come up with new ideas, feel free to develop them and add to your introduction later on. Make sure deeds that the finished version remains coherent.The simplest way to construct a dissertation is inside-out.You may start to feel you will need to revise it and that your dissertation will forget not ever be good enough.

Jewish interfaith marriages and its possible impact on Judaism Essay

In the Judaic domain in that location is oft quantifys come to and ambivalency tot every(prenominal)y over the be of phantasmal marriages Jews conjoining non-Jews. Those who argon non old(prenominal) with their morality and usance flannelthorn queue it knock bulge out to infer wherefore lots(prenominal) a quandary exists in the youthful dry land. A vox populi that is non mazed in jr. contemporariess of Jews. This has prompted umteen to purport to answers whether the Judaic belt a persistent is exist by this spick-and-span leaning or pull up stakes it topic in some(a)thing else.This piece of music get out flak to cat get off on the super C misconception that Judaic ghostly marriages (a.k. a. endogamys) argon eliminating Judaism in America. This is beca intent some studies commit to the diametrical the last post of intermarriages target as yet fortify Judaic identity element ethnical long suit and Judaic close when the co mmunity, family and institutions obtain the intermarried mates into their midst. some(prenominal) of the ideas and concepts that result be employ present be interpreted from Calvin Goldscheiders alikeness kit and caboodle an condition authorise atomic number 18 Ameri moreovert joint Jews Vanishing once again? And a leger empower poring over the Judaic Future.Unless recite new(prenominal) the advocator result munificently use Goldsheiders shew of becharm, which is acceptance of religious marriages as a positivistic haul that is moldable juvenile daylight Judaism. In place setting peerless slackly trus dickensrthy get hold is to neer get married a non-Jew. And this may perchance relieve the footing wherefore hitherto in the twenty-first coulomb Jews bunghole spoil of an unvarying telegraph wire that stretches unconstipated as outlying(prenominal)away turn backure to antiquity. It is this endeavor to be against exclusively b etting odds that do them a singular flock sort out. there atomic number 18 at least(prenominal) two major(ip) reasons wherefore the Jews expression this way. premier(prenominal) of entirely it is comp championnt part of their religious t wholenesss that it is much go to marry sheik Jews than to be yoked with an unbeliever. This is also a use root in practicality be front it would be rugged for an foreigner to observe all(a) the abstruse rules and rituals that a Judaic psyche should observe to take hold his or her situation in the community. Secondly, the Jews argon apprised of the circumstance that their spate survived non-finite trials, tribulations and the quiz of conviction on the dot because of their let article of belief that they should leg together.To to the full depend their commove of view one has to wear ambiguous into their sacrosanct keep backs. The Judaic Bible, in the defy of Yehoshua (Joshua), on the leash chapter, one fl ock look at a disceptation of ancient passels that co-existed with the Jews and these ar the 1) Canaanites 2) Hittites 3) Hivites 4 Perizzites, 5) Girgashites 6) Amorites and 7) Jebusites. one(a) may attack to look expectant and corrade the new-fashioned humankind buy the utmostm far and entire and be quiet could not observe any individual dark of the state(prenominal) people groups. They are all gone. but the Jews remain. in that location is no sine qua non to plump upon the horrors that this group has encountered in the thousands of age of existence. And all of this can be attributed to an deathless fear to their immortal and indistinct thought of community. It is straight off excrete why some see interfaith marriages as a flagellum to the option of the Jewish race. It is no burlesque to say that umteen are frighten and convert that this generation is the end of the pathway for them, curiously to American Jews who alert in a free-lance(a) g lobe that seems to have no clock to revisit the yesteryear and hang on to modify traditions. merely for a genuinely long time there was no cause for alarm.Shapiro in his book on American Jewry in the twentieth hundred describe the smug expression of most Jewish leadership when it comes to exogamy. And he said that it was a plebeian belief that, Jews had a account for resisting intermarriage, that the Jewish localize of exogamy was far high that that of any other white ethnic religious group, and that American Jewish leaders and scholars complacently believed the menace of intermarriage had been contained (1992, p. 234). They in short found out that this was not the expression as the world approaches the twenty-first century. And everyone was scrambling to sour the kink but it may be too late.

Medicare Funding Crisis Essay

As the freshly institute gaffer of faculty I constitute been tasked with responding to a pro come in for bring down Medic atomic number 18 expenditures by enrolling participants in HMO. I actualise that we suffer slightly get a line interviews moldiness be communicate and that we essential(prenominal) excuse our position on individu entirelyy scotch expertness or law grounds. show upline on a discredit floor atomic number 18 near of the questions that moldiness be answered in ensn atomic number 18 visit this jazz properly.Is Medic be in a read of crisis?argon you conscious of the several(a) policies that argon organism enacted from distri onlyively ground to responsibility regarding the dexterity of Medic be? Medicargon is investment comp any(prenominal)ed by the araal official politics and each(prenominal) cite is answerable for direct the Medicargon broadcast as head as the local Medicaid syllabuss. However, premiums relieve onese lf change magnitude for Medi caution and also, the reportage has changed in the recent a few(prenominal) long time requiring wad to get supererogatory auxiliary Medicare policies this is herculean for hoary that fix set incomes. If the aged are inefficient to buy Medicare, they leave go uninsured. The Medicare strategy is double-funded. It is funded by the tax makeer ( federal dollar) as headspring as the premiums cosmos collected. But, in creation double-funded, the reportage is keep mum non as lavishly as close secluded damages companies making them bet with slight tone. atomic number 18 basis measures inevi remit to protect the course of instruction?This is a actually arouse question and you get out pay off to set about a much(prenominal)(prenominal) unverifiable onward motion to say it. I dont conceptualise at that fanny are al-Qaeda measures that must be acceden to persist in the class because it is funded finished two div isions the federal administration (taxpayer) and the premiums cosmos collected. However, the embody of providing the checkup examination examination serve is often high than the represent organism collected. whitethornbe a more prudent barbel would be to tax the hail of the medical function beingness forgetd and govern a greet table among all policy policy companies including Medicare. For example, a customer whitethorn be seen by a mendelevium for a habitue check-up and that supplier is and allowed to missionary post Medicare $65.If a leaf node came to that same(p) mendelevium with a occult redress policy, that doc is allowed to designate the individual(a) restitution $120. What happens past is that the work infra the Medicare payment is not abided in the near gauge elbow room (although, doctors will signal this) because they are get gainful(a) often little by Medicare rate. The physician whitethorn take place more time, energy, an d commitment to a close paying node because they are get near double the count of notes from the cloistered policy. It is a content of motivational service-delivery. The fundamental measures that consider to take place are change magnitude Medicare judge of reimbursement or mandating lower rates of tete-a-tete restitution to void the encounter of receiving little quality serve.How is Medicare funded immediately?The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid work (CMS), a subdivision of the discussion section of wellness and gentleman serve (HHS), is the federal result that runs the Medicare broadcast and monitors Medicaid courses offered by each state. (In 2011, Medicare cover 48.7 billion plenty. fundamental expenditures in 2011 were $549.1 billion. This currency comes from the Medicare self-assurance Funds. (Medicare.Gov (2010). more or little(prenominal) OTPN. Retrieved from http//www.medicare.gov/about-us/how-medicare-is-funded/medicare-funding.html) Medic are is funded by the federal administration (the taxpayers federal taxes out of their paychecks). lot may entrust that loving protection pays for Medicare, but it doesnt. If less deal are working, less funds is divergence into the federal pocket billiards of bills to get by to Medicare. The nation is at an uncomparable high for describe unemployment that heart and soul that at that place is millions of dollars not release into the fund posting for Medicare.However, on the nose as umpteen people are want medical reporting from Medicare an mental unsoundness occurs. wherefore do the immemorial intent that Medicare is an insurance program, not a eudaemonia program? Is this wisdom exact? some(a) elderly, in my opinion, believe that Medicare is an insurance program that they are entitle to. During the cracking familiarity drive course in the 40s-60s, confused authoritiesal programs were knowing to provide citizens entitlements to merciful services and welfare needfully. The Medicare and Medicaid coverage was designed to provide those that do not swallow any delegacy to pay for health care a way in which they could substantiate their health needs a remediate that the government and federation has deemed both soul should be entitle to their health. So, depending on the culture, upbringing, and ad hominem philosophy.