Nelson Mandela Essay

The world leader I have chosen to write about is Nelson Mandela:  Nelson Mandela’s rise in the political arena can be traced back to his years as one of the leading members of the African National Congress, otherwise known as the ANC, beginning in 1944 (Mandela, 2009). The ANC was one of the oldest South African civil rights unions. The union’s primary purpose, the freedom and equal rights of all black citizens from the practice of apartheid–South Africa’s then legalized form of racism–was a natural draw for Mandela.Mr. Mandela describes in his own words the deciding moment when he joined the ANC: I had no epiphany, no singular revelation, no moment of truth, but a steady accumulation of a thousand slights, a thousand indignities, a thousand unremembered moments, [that] produced in me an anger, a rebelliousness, a desire to fight the system that imprisoned my people (Mandela, 2009). Mandela’s desire and drive helped sustain him in the diffi cult years ahead. After joining the ANC and creating its first youth league (Mandela, 2009). Mandela went on to organize many nonviolent protests and civil disobedience demonstrations throughout much of the country.Growing in popularity, these campaigns were eventually deemed illegal by the National Party–the white supremacist government in power at the time–and ultimately led to the imprisonment of Mandela in 1962 (Mandela, 2009). Although many people advocated for his release throughout the years, it was from his own prison cell twenty years later when Nelson Mandela finally negotiated his own freedom and began the long, tedious, yet peaceful process of creating a new government for the South African people. Working together with South Africa’s new president, F.W. de Klerk, Mandela negotiated heroically in the creation of a new and non-discriminatory government.The two men made history on September 26, 1992 when they signed the Record of Understanding, a docum ent formalizing their agreement to create a new, non-racial, democratic government freely elected by the people (Mandela, 2009). Nelson Mandela went on to become the first freely elected President of South Africa and continued the hard work of rebuilding his country. He served his presidency for five years, stepping down from politics in 1999. Although removed from public office, Mandela continued to  advocate for issues important to his country; issues such as AIDS, poverty, and human rights. Again, Nelson Mandela worked tirelessly on behalf of his people, receiving numerous rewards throughout the years, until he formally retired from public life in 2004 (Mandela, 2009).As a result of his life’s work, Nelson Mandela forever changed the social view and practice of apartheid in his country. Politically, his efforts resulted in the first non-discriminatory, democratic (majority rule) government for South Africa. Therefore, I find these to be the two most significant social an d political changes that occurred as a result of Nelson Mandela. Task B.The individual I have chosen to write about is Martin Luther King, Jr.:  Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was known as a religious reformer and civil rights activist who rose to greatness during the civil rights movements of the United States.Dr. King began his career as a civil rights activist in 1956 (About Dr. King, n.d.) when he was hired as a spokesman for the Montgomery Bus Boycott; a campaign organized and fully supported by the black community of Montgomery in protest of the segregation of the city bus lines. This boycott, which lasted for 381 days, ended successfully with the U.S. Supreme Court ruling declaring racial segregation in public transportation unconstitutional (About Dr. King, n.d.). This landmark protest would prove to be but one of the many successful campaigns Dr. King would lead throughout his lifetime.In 1958, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) elected Dr. Martin Luther Kin g, Jr. as their president (About Dr. King, n.d.). The SCLC’s mission of providing guidance to the growing civil rights movement (occurring throughout much of the south) served as the perfect platform for Dr. King’s message. From here, Dr. King would go on to organize many campaigns, most of them occurring in Birmingham, Alabama, then described â€Å"as the most segregated city in America† (About Dr. King, n.d.).Drawing from the nonviolent teachings of Mohandas Gandhi, Dr. King’s peaceful protests and civil disobedience demonstrations were televised in stark contrast to the brutality of Birmingham’s police force. The televised beatings of young black protesters proved too much for the nation to bear, prompting congress  to begin legislation on behalf of the civil rights movement in 1962 (About Dr. King, n.d.).Although the Birmingham demonstrations led to the writing of his open and now famous â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail;† an articulat e, well written manifesto of Dr. King’s beliefs and actions (About Dr. King, n.d.), time would show that Martin Luther King, Jr.’s greatest moments were still to come. In 1963 Dr. King gathered more than a quarter-million people to Washington D.C.’s National Mall for the â€Å"March for Jobs and Freedom,† now commonly referred to as the â€Å"March on Washington† (About Dr. King, n.d.)It was here that Dr. King delivered his legendary â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech, firmly placing himself on the world stage as a social and political leader, as well as becoming the youngest man–30 years of age– to receive the Nobel Peace. As a result of all the publicity Dr. King drew to the civil rights movement, congress soon passed the historical 1964 Civil Rights Act, and soon after the 1965 Voting Rights Act (About Dr. King, n.d.); sweeping legislation declaring it illegal to discriminate against blacks or any other minority people, and removi ng any obstacles obscuring blacks of their right to vote.After the passage of the Civil Rights Act, Dr. King carried on with his work, choosing to focus on economic justice and international peace. Tragically, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated while visiting a motel in Memphis on April 4, 1968 (About Dr. King, n.d.).Through his work, Dr. King introduced our country to the practice of â€Å"nonviolent† demonstrations, socially changing the way many people participate in protests even today. Due in part to his nonviolent campaigns, Dr. King’s efforts resulted in the passing of the Civil Rights Acts, one of the most significant political changes occurring in the history of our country. Therefore, I find these to be the two most significant social and political changes resulting from the actions of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

An Analysis of as the Dead Prey Upon Us by Charles Olson

As the Dead Prey Upon Us Analysis Charles Olson was an innovative essayist and poet in the 1950s-1960s. He created the idea of â€Å"Projective verse† and wrote and essay on it, asserting that a poem is a transfer of energy from the writer to reader. Projective verse allows the energy of the poem to be properly discharged. He also explained that form is an extension of the content of the poem, which is why are all breathed conditioned by his ear.He thought the best verses were supposed to sync your ear and your breath. Olson also believed closed form and structured stanzas wasn’t conducive to expressing details and making truly original poetry. This idea of projective verse gives us an understanding when studying the form of â€Å"As the Dead Prey Upon Us†. â€Å"As the Dead Prey Upon Us† is written in projective verse using a variety of stanza patterns, from long verses to short, sparse verses.Despite the varied form, the imagery is strong throughout. The poem begins with the perception that the ghosts who haunt humans represent those parts of people that have not had the chance to live fully. The ghost may signify a repressed or constrained part of someone’s personality or an unresolved conflict nagging at the back of the mind. When the speaker complains that his mother’s death continues to haunt him, he begins by observing that the dead are unacknowledged facts of self.These repressed events or memories are â€Å"the sleeping ones,† and the speaker bids them to awake and thus to â€Å"disentangle from the nets of being! † The poem is divided into two sequences of unnumbered stanzas. Usually, Olson will mark off the segments of different â€Å"acts† in a poem according to a simple pattern. Part 1 of a long lyric sequence sets up the conditions in which a thinking process will ensue, in which a variety of isolated elements taken from different sources in experience, including dreams, are carefully sifted and their internal relations worked out.The second sequence synthesizes, imagines, and philosophically investigates the â€Å"formal† construct, a process in which the new form is woven into the context of other knowledge possessed by the poet. An Olson poem is thus the carefully staged reenactment of how the mind works to understand itself when seized by creative activity, such as dreaming. In this instance, the speaker is aroused by the irritating insistence of a dream he has had of his dead mother. The speaker has awakened and now recounts his dream to himself (and to the reader) in an effort to decipher its twisted plot.The progression of stanzas introduces the reader to the other features of the dream: a visit to a tire store, where he may have observed the mechanic working under his car while replacing the tires; a vision of his mother surrounded by other dead souls in the living room of his house, where a film projector is showing a film against one of the walls ; and in another room, an American Indian woman walks a blue deer around in circles, a deer that speaks in an African American dialect or like an old woman as it looks for socks or shoes to wear, â€Å"now that it was acquiring/ human possibilities. This latter image of the evolving deer generates the discussion on the â€Å"nets of being,† the laws that govern human identity and set it apart from other orders of nature, animals, and angels. To be human, the speaker notes, is to be limited to the â€Å"five hindrances,† the five senses of the body from which awareness derives. Human awareness is a niche in reality that dreaming expands and contradicts. The speaker must try to resolve the differences between what he has dreamed from his unconscious and what he understands as waking awareness, the world perceived by sense and logic.The speaker’s dilemma is that he is of two minds that do not connect except here, in this poem, where the reader finds him puzzling o ut the meaning of a dream in his waking state. The situation is ironic, the perfect representation of the problem of divided nature Olson wishes to resolve. Personally, I did not like this poem. I took a lot of time to understand the idea and meaning behind the poem, and while I appreciate the ideas Olson was trying to address, I don't like the way it was done and I disagree with his negativity of closed verse.I feel like both closed and open verses have their place, and both can express creativity in a poem. I also, did not enjoy the many readings I had to do of the poem before I realized what it meant. Honestly, upon first reading, I had no idea what was going on. After several readings I began to glean the meaning of the poem behind it. While I enjoy poems that require thought to find the meaning, I felt like someone who didn't understand Olson's ideas on progressive verse won't fully understand the meaning behind the format of his stanzas. Works Cited http://www. poetryfoundatio n. org/bio/charles-olson

Aesthetic Reading: Reading for Appreciation and Enjoyment Essay

Aesthetic reading is for entertainment. * Reading to explore one. * In Aesthetic reading, the reader’s attention is centered directly on what he likes through during his relationship with that particular text.† * Non-academicals purposes of reading. Aesthetic Stance is for experience * Recreational reading. * Fulfills an important function in lives. * Reading for pleasure or aesthetic reading, been described as â€Å"the most hidden literary practice†. * Aesthetic reading been viewed as â€Å"symbolic withdrawal†. Reading for appreciation * One that is designed to head the learner to understand and enjoy something. Let’s get the most out of Literature * Reading literary selections like poems, short stories, novels, plays, or essays, not only provide pleasure. * It also develop your analytical skills as you must consider each part of the text separately before you can interpret the meaning of the entire work and eventually appreciate it. Poems express ideas in a tighter, more compact way than prose as they do not include details and explanations common to the short story or novel. They are more concentrated, suggestive, and rhythmical than prose as they resort to the use of symbols, figurative language, and imagery, which tend to leave more to a reader’s imagination rather than giving everything he needs to know. Poems may be: * Lyric poem expresses the observations and the feeling of a single speaker. * Narrative poems are stories told in prose. Often narrative poems, even ballads have all the elements of the short stories, such as plot, characters and setting. Poems may take the form of: * Haiku – an unrhymed verse form, consisting of three lines. The first and third lines contain five syllables while the second line consists of seven syllables. * Tanka – another verse form. It has thirty-one syllables arrange in five lines (five, seven, five, seven, seven). * Cinquain – a poetic unrhymed form consisting of five lines. * Diamante – a seven line, diamond shaped poem.

Return prenatal visit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Return prenatal visit - Essay Example In the above case study, the general well-being of the fetus can be assessed by getting its heart rate and respiratory rate and know if it is in distress or not. Ultrasound is a very important tool in diagnosing various conditions in obstetrics (Cameron & Moran, 2009). In relation to the case study provided the fundal height was found midway between the umbilicus andpubis symphysis which should be under the umbilicus based on LMP. However, various factors impact the correct interpretation of MSAFP results. These include: gestational age, maternal weight, ethnicity, maternal diabetes mellitus, fetal viability, exclusion of other anomalies, and multiple pregnancy (Cameron & Moran, 2009). Normally, AFP is produced by the york sac, gastrointestinal system and the liver in a fetus (Androutsopoulos, Gkogkos & Decavalas, 2013). Any increase in its level is always indicative of a problem in that area. (Androutsopoulos, Gkogkos & Decavalas, 2013) In the results provided in the case study, the doctor should conduct further tests based on abnormal findings from the fundal height examination and the AFP (Androutsopoulos, Gkogkos & Decavalas, 2013). Androutsopoulos, G., Gkogkos, P., & Decavalas, G. (2013). Mid-trimester maternal serum hCG and alpha fetal protein levels: Clinical significance and prediction of adverse pregnancy outcome. International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 11(2),

Research Proposal What attributes of eco-labels are important to Essay

Research Proposal What attributes of eco-labels are important to consumers - Essay Example This research proposal seeks to ascertain the eco-label attributes that consumers consider important. Eco-labelling has the fundamentals of information economics written all over it. Eco-labels help consumers in understanding the impact of a product on the environment. They use the information to make a decision on whether to support the product or not (FAO, n.d.). In economics, Stigler portrays information is a valuable resource. For example, a consumer will go around asking for product prices from different sellers. The consumer will continue asking until he or she gets the lowest price. It is apparent that the consumer will not relax until the marginal cost of the product equals the marginal cost of obtaining additional information (FAO, n.d.) Eco-labels provide valuable information on product characteristics, history, and cost, which influences consumer decisions (Delmas & Lessem, 2014). The level of importance that consumers attach to eco-labelling is high because eco-labels contain information about the product quality (Teisl, Roe, & Hicks, 2002). Research has shown that information of product quality is very difficult to obtain in the marketing compared to information on prices (Leopold Center & Iowa University Business Analysis Laboratory, 2004). Consequently, consumers are willing to pay higher for the information product quality (Loureiro & Lotade, 2005). It helps them avoid purchasing disappointing products. The level of uncertainty that come with product labels can push consumers to prefer information on quality. Therefore, consumers prefer the quality attribute of eco-labels on products (Delmas, 2010). Eco-labels influence consumer product preferences. A comprehensive theoretical analysis of the economics of analyzes reveals that some consumers will make purchasing decision based on the eco-labels. Typically, consumers make purchase decisions based on product quality and price. In fact, some consumers can purchase products at

Improving analyse based on feedback for marketing Essay

Improving analyse based on feedback for marketing - Essay Example The company selected for this study is the Cullin Innovation Pvt Ltd which is a successful company engaged in the manufacture of mineral water. The company is based in Queensland, Australia. â€Å"Cullin Innovation Pty Ltd was formed to create, develop and commercialise new and innovative products that will enhance the potential for an ecologically sustainable future. Cullin Innovation Pty Ltd is driven by a strong environmental and social ethic.† (Company profile, 2009, para.2). Involvement, partnership and deliberate alliances are main factors that support Cullin Innovation’s research and advancement and manufacturing plan capability. This construction facilitates a huge group of possessions and knowledge to be readily available across an extensive array of disciplines. This has helped create elasticity, reduce overheads and decreasing the response time to get together with the dynamic markets. The development and prospects that Cullin Innovation Pty Ltd enjoys is a proven guarantee by the Managing Director Peter Cullin’s confidence and the insights for the development of the product and to make the business a success. Marketing is a commercial activity that recognizes needs of the customer and requirements of the business. Thus, it needs to decide on the kind of target markets which are likely to serve the company’s avenue for selling its products. Advertising is the core of marketing and its purpose is to primarily introduce a product in the market and secondarily to create affinity about the product in the minds of the customers. Marketing is a significant activity in the organization and the management conducts an analysis on various trends that prevail within the sector. Marketing of the product identifies the mission of the company and how the statement is formulated and how it can contribute for the success of the product. Marketing strategies also envisage future prospects of the company. The Marketing activities support the mission,

Democrats VS Republicans in Economy Research Paper - 1

Democrats VS Republicans in Economy - Research Paper Example Republicans accept free endeavor has carried investment development and developments that have made this nation extraordinary. A government might as well encourage a business environment where individuals are allowed to utilize their talents Economic Growth Democrats: Democrat Party organizations have pushed for the centralization of force in Washington D.C., with just auxiliary thought for the privileges of both people and groups. Democrats have supported elected level intercessions that displace neighborhood-based results for neighborhood issues. These strategies have made some elected regulations and controls that are frequently in the hands of unelected functionaries, making an extreme disintegration of central power. Democrats accept that the economy is excessively entangled for people to go distant from everyone else. They accept that business choices ought to be guided by government authorities and to the greatest advantage of worker's guilds. Republicans on Federal Reserve Po licies: Inflation and the Federal Reserve play an important role in administering a stable economy. Inflation lessens the acquiring force of the dollar at home and abroad and is a concealed expense on the American individuals. On the grounds that the Federal Reserve's fiscal arrangement movements influence both expansion and budgetary movement, those movements ought to be transparent. In addition, the Fed's paramount part as a moneylender of the final resort may as well additionally be completed fairly. Exemplary social order requests that there is transparency in all government matters. In this manner, it would be possible for the party to develop substantive enactment that carries the responsibility to the Federal Reserve, the Federal Open Market Committee, and the Fed's dealings with remote midway banks.

Health care trend article summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Health care trend article summary - Assignment Example serve an essential purpose in patient education as it presents to them an in depth understanding of their problems along with the guidelines that are required to be followed by them with regard to medications as well as other important instructions that need to be followed after they are discharged from the hospital. This can serve an important function by creating awareness amongst the patients and preventing them from wrong conceptions about their condition and thus they prevent mishaps. They are widely used in the hospitals in America and it is stated that around 3000 hospitals employ this form of patient education. The availability of these care notes in different languages has proven to be of assistance to eighty percent of the patients who do not have command over English. Thus the accessibility of Care Notes in many languages, that a person can understand easily, can serve as an important step in health care and prove to be beneficial for the patients. It has served as a step to improving the quality of health services provided by the hospitals. It has not only proven beneficial for the patients but for the medical staff as well because they can convey their message in a more precise and clear manner. Thomson Reuters. Thomson Reuters Expands CareNotes ® Patient Education System To Support 15 Languages. Retrieved from:

Describe and critically evaluate the contributions of Non-Governmental Essay

Describe and critically evaluate the contributions of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) to the development and promotion of civil society. Refer relevant li - Essay Example Thus Civil society can be defined as the political space between the individual and the government, expressed by membership of NGOs, social groups, associations and other organizations and networks. But its role in influencing state action and political processes, and in serving as a corrective and complement to market economies, implies that it should not be seen first and foremost as a channel for emergency and development assistance. However, Restrictions on civil and political rights, in particular the right to free association or free political expression, can serve to weaken civil society. Civil society may also be inhibited from playing a peace-building role by intimidation and attack. Information and communication networks may be especially vulnerable then. Thus civil society programme should be rooted in a firm analysis of the context and the role and position of civil-society groups in it. NGO’s thus help to build their capacity and reach by positively monitoring and supporting their provision of basic health and education services to facilitating advocacy roles and their promotion of dialogue (for peaceful dispute resolution, reconciliation etc.), information and other local and international issues. One pioneering consultation with NGO leaders from developing countries suggested that the nature of the state – democratic, one-party, or military dictator – is very important to the development of civil society (Tandon. 1989) More generally, analyses of experience across countries suggests that the â€Å"social origins† of civil societies in historical interactions among major social forces (e.g., elites, workers, the middle class, the Church, and so on) shape the size and resources of the sector (Salamon and Anheier. 1998) Economic globalization is one of the most powerful forces that seem to have shaped the postwar world. Non-Governmental Organizations that emphasize on

Social Networking Sites and its Effect on Friending Research Paper

Social Networking Sites and its Effect on Friending - Research Paper Example It is also a source of emotional support especially during the events of emotional trials. Friends are also the people needed in times of problems aside from parents and relatives. However, due to the evolution of social media in making friends, the definition of friends has changed and a different meaning had been acquired. Social network sites (SNSs) have many advantages to on line users. For job application or work related issues you can use Likedin.com. When people are looking for people with common interest certain social networks such as Myspace.com comes to mind. People who are looking for possible partner or wanted to start a relationship can log-in to Friendster.com. For college students for example, social sites such as Facebook.com are used to connect to peers or share school lessons and activities and can also be used to answer queries (Ellison et al., 1143). Social network sites (SNSs) provide an easier approach to different reasons, a cheaper version where a good intern et connection and a device or a gadget i.e. personal computer, laptop, mobile phone, tablet or a notebook are needed. One can gain access to all of these sites wherever and in anytime of the day. A person can also log in on the different sites all at once and multi-task. It provides countless unimaginable opportunities to users such as finding long lost friends and childhood friends who had not been seen in years. Other scenarios are finding the right partner, finding a better job and so on. It makes the process of making friends easier and faster by sending a request and accepting it just by clicking the accept button. It is a no fuss activity and one can know more about the person connected with by visiting his page and reading its contents such as recent activities, likes, dislikes, pictures posted aside from personal information. It also provides a wider range of network consisting of different people with different degree of physical interaction in one’s day to day life. Facebook which is established in 2004 in Harvard University and made 200 users worldwide as of 2009 has provide a strong link with users’ high school friends that they left behind due to studying college in other places (Lewis J., West A. 1148). It also provided information on the up to date information of the makers and their friends’ lives. In every new technology discovered, there are always few drawbacks that arise and one of them is giving the word friends a different meaning and context. It also provides a new range or levels of friends when it comes to social network sites. One of the drawbacks of using these media is that they provide new sense to the word friendship with other people. They provide less interaction with them and a shallow definition of it. According to Allan (1989) as cited by Lewis & West (2009) in real life, there are different sorts of friends; those who are close and those are merely acquaintances. Always acquaintances are grater in number in your friends’ list than your close friends. These acquaintances are people one bump into everyday without having a conversation with each other, a classmate in one of your classes, a group mate in a project and anyone else where a person does not have a significant interaction and does not provide a sense of commitment and emotional support. Boyd (2006) as cited by Lewis & West (2009 1211), assessment of this relationship has no weight as well as what

Explain the different roles played by (i) the central bank, (ii) Essay

Explain the different roles played by (i) the central bank, (ii) depository institutions, and (iii) depositors in the determina - Essay Example For example, there is a strong proof that when money increases rapidly in an economy, there develops a direct relation between money-supply and long-term price inflation. On the other hand, a decrease in the level of money supply in a country leads to a decrease in economic activity, tightened spending levels and a fall in consumer demand. The quantity theory of money states that money supply has a relationship that is directly proportional in nature to the price level (Friedman, 1956). Different institutions have different but correlated roles to play in the determination of money supply in a country and the global economy. Examples of such institutions are the central bank and depository institutions. Depositors also have a part to play in this. Roles of the central bank Every country has a central bank that monitors and determines money supply in the country’s economy. In the US, the money supply is determined by the US Federal Reserve, the central banking system of the US. Its role is to foster economic growth in the US by regulating the actions of private banks and stabilizing the money supply. The Federal Reserve, also known as Fed, uses the expansive monetary policy as a guide in expanding the US money supply (Shin, 2009). Using the expansive monetary policy, the Federal Reserve channels more reserves to the banking system so as to allow private banks more liquidity and to make sure that they have the required ability to issue loans. In the UK, determination of money supply is the function of the Bank of England while that of the counties under the EU is the European Central Bank (ECB) (Burda and Wyplosz, 1997). In order to stabilize an economy in a country, the central bank has the power to determine the level of money stock through the operation of different monetary policies. These policies include reserve requirements, open market operations and discount rates. The most dominant among the three monetary policies is the open market operations p olicy. According to Howells and Bain (2009), an open market operation is a situation in which the central bank purchases or trades government securities for cash in an effort to contract or expand the total money supply. Money supply in the country will increase if the central bank purchases government securities but it will contract if the central bank sells government securities. The responsibility of the central bank in relation to fractional reserve banking is to hold a particular fraction of all deposits. This can be in account with the central bank or in cash. In order to alter money supply, the central bank alters the percentage of total deposits that needs to be held by commercial banks. In this way, the central bank can increase the monetary base in a country by reducing the reserve requirements or reduce the monetary base by increasing the reserve requirements (Mishkin, 1998). The central banks also determine money supply in a country by controlling discount rates. This is possible because the central bank in every country supplies commercial banks with the money they require to meet consumer demand. Therefore, the central bank can meet and control consumer demand for money by controlling the national interest rates. For example, the consumer demand for money will increase greatly if the interest rates decrease while a decrease in consumer demand for money will arise if the interest rates increase. Roles of depository institutions By definition, depository

Foreshadowing is the essential part of Steinbecks style in Of Mice and Men Essay Example for Free

Foreshadowing is the essential part of Steinbecks style in Of Mice and Men Essay Steinbeck, in my opinion, has one of the most unique styles of writing which is not only effective but also inspirational. The fact that he puts the whole plot and the ending right in front of us (at the beginning, in every section and even in the name) and we dont recognise it easily is truly fascinating. Hints of the grand finale could be found nearly everywhere in the novella. In the beginning of the play we learn that Lennie likes to pet soft things. He starts off by petting a mouse and then petting a puppy, of which he kills both as a result of his unrecognised brutal strength. The puppy was all innocent and fragile and Curleys wife was seen in the same way which foreshadows the killing of Curleys wife. The idea of Curleys wife knowing the history of Lennie with pets and his blindness about the strength he possesses and still allowing him to stroke her hair was particularly considered peculiar by me. The only way I managed to justify this was that perhaps she was unaware of the dangers at that particular time as she was too caught up in the moment of perhaps she wanted to be rid of her depressive and oppressive life. Perhaps she was just fed up of her failure of her dreams and living a life of such misery that she thought of death to be the only way out and maybe death by the hands of Lennie seemed like a good idea because he was still considered to be childish meaning the element of innocence could be attached to him. Foreshadowing plays a huge role in indicating towards the fact that Lennie wont make it alive to the end of the novella. The opening sets a pleasant mood to the story, it makes the world seem peaceful and lively then these feelings transforms into a darker and a much more sorrowful aura. The extract Ill put the old devil out of his misery right now was said by Carlson to Candy. This action foreshadows the death of Lennie; He can be personified as Candys dog as his main purpose is also to accompany George hence when Lennie/ the dog is of no use or has exceeded his limit then he will be put down. This also highlights one of the theories attached to this story in perspective; the idea of Darwins Survival of the fittest theory. The natural environment and settings could also emphasise Darwins theory as it was linked to nature but the quote also shows that a weak element in the food chain (Carlson) preys a weaker member of the food chain (the dog) and later on we learn that George (a weak member of the food chain) kills Lennie (a weaker member of the food chain in terms of mental abilities) regardless what the intents where. Furthermore, the death of Candys Dog and Lennie is pretty identical which can contribute to the method in which Lennie was murdered. The dog was shot in the head which was the same way Lennie was killed. The quotes I ought to of shot that dog myself and He wont even feel it. shows that the idea of George killing Lennie himself rather than getting some else to do it is being suggested to George. Additionally, the second quotes highlights that its all for the best and this action is being taken for the greater good. In Addition, I should have done it myself said by Candy also suggests and foreshadows that George will be the murderer of Lennie. Candy realised afterwards and in a way regretted that he didnt kill his dog, his best companion, himself, in the same George wouldnt want Curley to kill Lennie so he would commit the murder himself. This could be considered a gesture of loyalty and love that now Lennie wouldnt have to suffer anymore or it could also be a sign that George was just fed up of carrying Lennies burden around on his back. In my judgement, I would question Georges actions because I believe there are always other ways of getting around the situation and who gave George the right to take someones life. In conclusion, the element of foreshadowing is the main and one of the most important techniques which the novella is based on. Foreshadowing and hints of the future aspects of the story could be found at nearly every stage of the novella and I think that this doesnt only make the story interesting but it also clamps the reader in deeper and deeper, it makes a readers hunger to find out the ending even more and more. In my opinion, Of Mice and Men is one of the most inspiring storys Ive read not only plot and content wise but also writers techniques wise.

Promotional Mix Used By Two Selected Organisations Marketing Essay

Promotional Mix Used By Two Selected Organisations Marketing Essay Sales promotion tend to be thought of as being all promotions apart from advertising, personal selling, and public relations. For example the BOGOF promotion, or Buy One Get One Free. Others include couponing, money-off promotions, competitions, free accessories (such as free blades with a new razor), introductory offers (such as buy digital TV and get free installation), and so on. Each sales promotion should be carefully costed and compared with the next best alternative. 3. Public Relations (PR). Public Relations is defined as the deliberate, planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain mutual understanding between an organization and its publics (Institute of Public Relations). It is relatively cheap, but certainly not cheap. Successful strategies tend to be long-term and plan for all eventualities. All airlines exploit PR; just watch what happens when there is a disaster. The pre-planned PR machine clicks in very quickly with a very effective rehearsed plan. 4. Direct Mail. Direct mail is very highly focussed upon targeting consumers based upon a database. As with all marketing, the potential consumer is defined based upon a series of attributes and similarities. Creative agencies work with marketers to design a highly focussed communication in the form of a mailing. The mail is sent out to the potential consumers and responses are carefully monitored. For example, if you are marketing medical text books, you would use a database of doctors surgeries as the basis of your mail shot. 5. Trade Fairs and Exhibitions. Such approaches are very good for making new contacts and renewing old ones. Companies will seldom sell much at such events. The purpose is to increase awareness and to encourage trial. They offer the opportunity for companies to meet with both the trade and the consumer. Expo has recently finish in Germany with the next one planned for Japan in 2005, despite a recent decline in interest in such events. 6. Advertising. Advertising is a paid for communication. It is used to develop attitudes, create awareness, and transmit information in order to gain a response from the target market. There are many advertising media such as newspapers (local, national, free, trade), magazines and journals, television (local, national, terrestrial, satellite) cinema, outdoor advertising (such as posters, bus sides). 7. Sponsorship. Sponsorship is where an organization pays to be associated with a particular event, cause or image. Companies will sponsor sports events such as the Olympics or Formula One. The attributes of the event are then associated with the sponsoring organization. Coke Product The Coca-Cola formula is The Coca-Cola Companys secret recipe for Coca-Cola. As a publicity marketing strategy started by Robert W. Woodruff, the company presents the formula as one of the most closely held trade secrets ever and only a few employees know or have access to. This Coca-Cola formula appears to be the original formula to Coca-Cola. It is from the book For God, Country and Coca-Cola. The company Coca-Cola is a multinational and it is not limited to one product. Through the years they have invented and introduced many products than their main cola drinks. The list of Coca-cola brands are as follows: Appletiser Aquarius BPM Energy Barqs Beat soda Beverly Cannings Cheers Ciel Fanta And up to 70 different brands ! Pepsi Product The Pepsi-Cola drink contains basic ingredients found in most other similar drinks including carbonated water, high fructose corn syrup, sugar, colourings, phosphoric acid, caffeine, citric acid and natural flavours. The caffeine free Pepsi-Cola contains the same ingredients but no caffeine. Some of the different and varied brands of Pepsi are as follows: All Sport Aquafina Caffeine-Free Pepsi Crystal Pepsi Diet Pepsi Gatorade Izze Jazz Josta Kas Up to 40 different brands ! Coke vs. Pepsi-Product As seen above both the companies Coke and Pepsi have a number of products. Many of these products are innovations but there are also many products which are brought out just as a competitive product for the other companies. Some of these products that are brought in the market by both the companies to compete against each other are as follows: Coke Pepsi The main dark cola drink of the company which started the rivalry between these companies. Pepsi version of dark cola which is the major primary competitor to Coke. Full Throttle is an energy drink brand produced by The Coca-Cola Company. It debuted in late 2004 in North America. AMP is an energy drink produced and distributed by PepsiCo under the Mountain Dew soft drink brand. Vault is a carbonated beverage that was released by The Coca-Cola Company in June 2005. Mountain Dew MDX is an energy drink manufactured and distributed by PepsiCo under the Mountain Dew brand. It was introduced in 2005. PowerAde is a sports drink by The Coca-Cola Company and currently number two in the sports drink market worldwide. Gatorade is a non-carbonated sports drink marketed by Quaker Oats Company, a division of PepsiCo. Originally made for athletes, it is now often consumed as a snack beverage. Sprite is a clear, lemon-lime flavoured, non-caffeinated soft drink, produced by the Coca-Cola Company. It was introduced to the United States in 1961. 7 Up is a brand of a lemon-lime flavoured soft drink. Minute Maid is a product line of beverages, usually associated with orange juice, but now extends to soft drinks of many kinds. The Minute Maid company is now owned by Coca-Cola, and is the worlds largest marketer of fruit juices and drinks. It is headquartered in Houston, Texas. Tropicana Products is an American company based in Bradenton, Florida, USA, which is one of the worlds largest producers and marketers of orange juice. It has been owned by PepsiCo, Inc. since 1998. Nestea is a brand of iced tea manufactured and distributed by the Nestle companys beverage department in the United States, and by Coca-Cola in several European countries, Brazil and Venezuela. Lipton Original Iced Tea is a ready-to-drink iced tea brand sold by Lipton through a worldwide partnership with Pepsi. Coke Price Coke was a company ruling the markets before Pepsi entered. Earlier the price of coke was cost based i.e. it was decided on the cost which was spent on making the product plus the profit and other expenses. But after the emergence of other companies especially the likes of Pepsi, Coca-cola started with a pricing strategy based on the basis of competition. Nowadays more expenses are spent on advertising my soft-drink companies rather than on manufacturing. Coke has brought in a revolution especially in Indian markets with the Rs. 5 pricing strategy which was very famous. It was the first company to introduce the small bottle of Coke for just Re.5. This campaign was very successful especially with the price conscious Indian consumers. Even today most prices of Coke are decided on the basis of the competition in the market. Pepsi Price Pepsi again decides it price on the basis of competition. The best think about the company Pepsi is that it is very flexible and it can come down with the price very quickly. The company is renowned to bring the price down even up to half if needed. But this risk taking attitude has also earned Pepsi losses. Though lowering the price would attract the customers but it would not help them cover up the cost incurred in production hence causing them losses. This was the situation earlier but now Pepsi is a full-fledged and growing company. It has covered all its losses and is now growing at a rapid rate. Coke Place Coke is a multinational company and it has its market around the entire world. Pepsi Place Pepsi again has spread worldwide. Pepsi when entering a new market does not go in alone but it looks for partners and mergers. Till now Pepsi has collaborated with companies like Quaker Oats, Frito-lays, Lipton, Starbucks, etc. Pepsi like Coke has spread all over the world. It is because of this worldwide spread that now it is coming up with Advertisements which can be broadcasted in the different nations in the world. The recent example with would be the Pepsi advertisements having David Beckham as it brand ambassador. Promotion Both the companies Pepsi and coke are famous for their promotions. The rivalry was first started when Pepsi started with its blind taste tests known as the Pepsi Challenge. The challenge is designed to be a direct response to critics who allege that Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola are identical drinks, with no meaningful differences. The challenge takes the form of a taste test. At malls, shopping centers and other public locations, a Pepsi representative sets up a table with two blank cups, one containing Pepsi and one with Coke. Shoppers are encouraged to taste both colas, and then select which drink they prefer. Then the representative reveals the two bottles so the taster can see whether they preferred Coke or Pepsi. If Pepsi is revealed, the shopper is given a small prize. The implication is that Pepsi tastes better than Coke, and thus consumers should purchase Pepsi. In blind taste tests, more consumers prefer the taste of Pepsi to that of Coca-Cola. Because Coke was the historical leader, more people expected that theyd prefer and select Coke. Their surprise at picking Pepsi in the blind taste test (products were served in unmarked cups) helped change their minds about which product they prefer. Capturing this on film, Pepsi turned this into a memorable TV campaign that lasted many years. Also ad-campaigns are put up on the television by both the players. Mainly Pepsi is the company sponsoring most cricket telecasts happening in India and spends most of its revenue in that field. Nowadays both Coke and Pepsi are going in for Brand Ambassadors to promote their product. These brand ambassadors are famous people who usually people idolize and people can relate to them. A list of Celebrities that are brand ambassadors for the cola companies are as follows. These celebrities are not only asked to work in the advertisements but they also have to use the product promoted by them and they should not use the companies rivals pr P3: explain the role of advertising agencies and the media in the development of a successful promotional campaign Introduction In this assignment I must explain the reasons behind the choice of media in a successful promotional campaign. There are a lot of choices    that need to be made before setting up an promotional campaign. And if you want to make it successful, you have to make the right choices. Im going to find out in this assignment what the choices were for the Mercedes-Benz A-Class promotional campaign, and if they were the right choices. Theory Full service agencies          A full-service agency offers their clients a full range of marketing, communications , promotion services including planning, creating and producing the advertising,    they do the research and                select the media. Full-service agencies also offer non-advertising services. For example: strategic    marketing planning, production of sales promotion and sails training Specialty Agencies A specialty agency is one that either works with a particular industry such as medical, education, financial, insurance. They also work with a particular function like the internet, research, public relations etcetera. In-House Agencies Some companies have set up their own advertising agencies.   They do this to reduce costs and maintain greater control. Advantages    * Advertising agencies do all the work for you.    * They have a lot of knowledge and experience.    * The money you will invest will pay of (if the campaign is an success) Disadvantages    * Agencies cost a lot of money.    * If the campaign will fail, you will lose your money.    * You do not have full control. Evidence Product or Service Mercedes A-Class 180. Jung von Matt, a German advertising agency was founded in 1991. Today, the advertising agency offers a complete repertoire of marketing communication services: brand identity, direct marketing, events, film, literature, media, music, online, public relations, planning and, as always, advertising Characters, Theme, Focus of Appeal , Innovation In this commercial they only use the car as a character. The theme of the commercial is very futuristic and full of power. Its because of the dubstep song that makes it that way. In the beginning they only show specific parts of the car and play slow music, and then they show the whole car and play loud music.    This is very emotional because it gives you an adrenaline rush. Thats because of the dubstep music, the speed, the dark environment and the lightning. Its so cool.    The innovation is that its so futuristic. Its the first commercial that uses dubstep music. Increase in sales    Brand awareness    Competitive position    Consumer perception This car is released September 15th, 2012 so its new. But this car is so wanted that in June 2012 they already had 50,000 orders for this car.    Brand AwarenessMercedes-Benz is an well-known brand worldwide, but this gave the brand a more younger image.                The Rivals of the car are the BMW 1 series and the Audi A3. The price of this A-Class is higher than the other cars. But according to several reviews the car is worth its price.                This campaign created an whole new image for Mercedes-Benz. Mercedes-Benz was always known as an old brand. But this car and its campaign gave the brand an whole new younger image. Conclusion In this assignment Ive learned that it takes a lot to make choices. You have to do a lot of research and you must be sure that you have made the right choices. If you do not do that there is a chance that your promotional campaign will fail and you will lose your money. P5: explain the reasons behind the choice of media in a successful promotional campaignhttp://avantisport.nl/images/wysiwyg_uploads/images/nike-logo.jpg NIKE Just Do It http://avantisport.nl/images/wysiwyg_uploads/images/nike-logo.jpg Nike is the worlds Number 1 marketer of athletic footwear and the Nike swoosh logo to symbolize all Nike wear and became a symbol all known around the world. Nike is the leader in sportswear. Nike has been using the same logo ever since they established the famous swoosh. Not only does Nike have one of the most famous logo but Nike also has one of the most recognized slogans around: Just Do It I think that Nikes power to sell comes from the desire for cultural influences and athletic accomplishment. These desires come together in the hearts of consumers and give an undeniable need they got to have it for apparel. Nikes makes use of top athletes promoting their products appeal to countless ages and acts as a way to identify with and emulate their athletic heroes. These works powerfully upon the individual consumer. Nike promotes its products by sponsoring agreements with athletes, professional teams and college athletic teams. Nike is promoting itself as a brand that sells quality-designed goods. It is because of this extensive advertising and many sponsorship programs that Nikes products are priced higher than its competitors products.   Nikes focus has always been on athletes and has always used premiere athletes to help promote its products. It started off with Steve Prefontaine in the 60s wearing Nike running shoes. In the early eighties, Nike wanted to really grow and become a player in the sport of basketball. At the time, Converse we endorsing two of the NBAs biggest stars, Magic Johnson and Larry Bird. Nike took a chance on a young rookie who eventually became the greatest on earth. Nike created a signature shoe for the Chicago Bulls rookie guard called the Air Jordan. This was the best investment Nikes has and probably ever will make. Because of Michael Jordan being the most popular player in the league, the hype and demand of this shoe was unbelievable. Tinker Hatfield designed the shoe and he spurred the basketball shoe industry to new heights. The introduction of the Air Jordan line helped to create new lines of basketball shoes, including the Air Force and Air Flight lines of basketball shoes and apparel. Also, a new innovative technology was a layer of air cushioning in their shoes; this was truly a differential factor for Nike when placed in comparison with other shoe companies. Nikes Air Jordan shoe was the best selling and most popular basketball shoe on the market. The Air Jordan shoe reached a point in the mid-nineties. According to Donald R. Katz, when a small picture of Michael Jordan at practice wearing different shoes sparked a booming inquiry all over Chicago. One store alone received over 300 phone calls asking if they had the shoes in stock.   From the popularity of the Air Jordan, and innovative styles and colors of Nike, a sub-culture of shoe collectors was born. These people search miles and miles and often camp out for these Limited Edition shoes. Nike, knowing that this market exists, will make very limited release of some special shoes known as quick strike or hyper strike editions to cater to this group. These shoes include retro version of styles, the 360 Hybrids, Paul Rodriguez, Rejuvenations, Clerk packs, and many more. Because theses shoes are released in limited quantities and the demand is so high, Nike can sell these shoes at enormous profits. Nike CEO Phil Knight is not slowing down as he continually signs new colleges on as Nike endorsed schools, current and up in coming star athletes. Nike has reached a point where they can count on the Nike name promoting itself, Nike believes, If you have a body, you are an athlete. And as long as there are athletes, there will be a need for Nike ! P5: design a promotional campaign for a given product/service to meet the needs of a given campaign/creative brief. Aims and Objectives Every business has aims that they want to achieve, they might be overall goals and purposes that the business was set up to fulfil. So here below you see my aims and my objectives : Making a profit †¢ Providing goods or services to the local or wider community †¢ Maximising sales or improving the quality of a product service †¢ Being environmentally friendly Choice of media Spoken, written, or broadcast communication including television, radio, advertising, movies, newspapers, magazines, books, cell phones and the Internet is a mass media that affects our society and ourselves. The most widespread form of this communication media is television and Internet. As we all know advertising costs a lot of money so I will need to advertise on channels that my target group would look on. My target group are people between 18-32 years old mostly females so it would be smart to advertise especially on fashion and music channels such as: MTV and MCM.. For internet advertising I would use Google.inc and Facebook as two biggest internet advertising agencies in the world . As I already said my target group are people between 18-32 years old and mostly females. So in this case it would be smart to advertise on topics and sites that have something to do with music and fashion . And of course billboards. In my opinion billboards are not the best way to advertise because you see limited variety of information and often its not enough for the customer.. But the reason of my choice is based on next thought : if people see some billboards outside with Ice cream galore on it even with limited but interesting information on it they will get back home and search on the internet for extensive information . And that is exactly what I need. Promotional plan Promotional tools Advertising Print advertising such as that in programs for events, trade journals, magazines, newspapers Direct mail Outdoor advertising, such as billboards and bus boards Broadcast advertising on radio and TV (or Internet sites) Produce and distribute materials such as: brochures newsletters flyers posters Of course I will make sure that my package design will be informative and catchy. (For a service business, the design of my company collateral and, most importantly, the appearance of me and my staff.) Promotional Activities Sponsoring special events (like fun runs) Participation in community projects and boards of directors Trade Shows Your product or service might be one that is suited Trade shows are one- or two- day events that allow businesses to set show cast their products or capabilities. Fairs (like Health Fairs, Job Fairs) Give-aways (like caps and shirts with my logo) Coupons and free samples Conducting contests A campaign is overall plan for contacting and staying in touch with targeted members of the media (reporters). I may want to develop a media relations campaign if it would benefit my company to be mentioned in newspapers or magazine that are viewed by my target group people. Costs Hereunder some advertising costs : Google : à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬500 one-off paying amount for Google Ad-words. The cost for the continuous and intensive optimization of your Google AdWords campaign from à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 69 per week.(It can be more depends on the services and options you want to have.) Facebook Ads Cost Models When advertising on Facebook you can choose between two cost models: CPC: Cost per click CPM: Cost per thousand impressions CPC simply means that you pay when someone clicks on the ad while CPM means that you pay for each 1,000 people who have seen it. Both cost models use a bidding system an auction and the cost depends on what other advertisers are willing to pay for clicks or impressions from the same demographic. Again, in areas where there are a lot of advertisers competing for the same demographic, which is defined by your targeting preferences such as country, gender, age, interests etc., the costs are higher and vice versa. As always when it comes to Facebook advertising, youll see best results by testing both models and choose the one that meet your business objectives. But generally CPC gives a higher click through rate (CTR) whereas CPM generates fewer but cheaper clicks. TV Advertising Price for TV advertising is variable between à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬1000 and à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬350.000 for 30 seconds advertising depended of time of broadcasting. Billboards advertising Rates General: Billboard ad costs are set forth below for billboard signage. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Bulletin (Large Billboard): Range of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬1,500 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬30,000 per ad per 4 week period à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 30 Sheet Poster (Medium Billboard): Range of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬750 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬2,000 per ad per 4 week period à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 8 Sheet Poster / Junior Poster (Small Billboard): Range of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬300 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬750 per ad per 4 week period à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Digital Bulletin (Large Digital): Range of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬3,500 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬25,000 per ad per 4 week period for an ~8 second spot in a loop of ~64 seconds http://www.bluelinemedia.com/billboard-advertising Range of rates depends on timing and market. Materials such as: brochures newsletters flyers posters 1.250 pieces à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 29,00 2.500 pieces à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 33,00 5.000 pieces à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 34,00 10.000 pieces- à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 57,00 20.000 pieces- à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 97,00 50.000 pieces à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 228,00 100.000 pieces à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 434,00 http://www.drukwerkmax.nl/4daction/web_shop_page/2/article/15160/?gclid=CKvMktWXiLMCFYXLtAod_CkAPg Fairs (like Health Fairs, Job Fairs) Give-aways (like baseball caps and mugs with your logo) Coupons and free samples Conducting contests Baseball caps Pieces 1-5 6-29 30-99 100+ Price à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 6.9 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 6.47 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 5.61 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 4.74 Shirts Pieces 1-5 6-29 30-99 100+ Price à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 8.62 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 6.9 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 4.31 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 3.45 http://www.leoworkshop.com/ Subtotal estimate price(costs needed to make to reach 1 million people) : Give -aways (baseball caps and shirts) ~ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬45,000 Internet advertising (1 year) ~à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬500 a week à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 24.000 Materials (brochures, flyers and so on ) ~à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬5,500 TV Advertising (1 year long, on Saturday and Sunday 4x a day ) 3000à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 30 sec ~à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬480.000 Total: ~à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬554,500 (a year)

Communicating the Scientific Consensus on Climate Change

Communicating the Scientific Consensus on Climate Change Marie Claire Attard Bason For many centuries, Climate change has been one of the most complicated problems around the world. It is a very difficult phenomenon to avoid, yet it can be manageable with the help of proper initiatives. All aspects of community life, including; Agriculture, economy, transportation, energy, culture and also construction are impacted by such climatic changes. (Schneider, 2009; Bode, Monroe Megalos, 2014). As members of society, with our daily lifestyle choices and motivation by a sequence of values, beliefs, norms and interpretation of the world, make us key players of climate change. Unfortunately, all of these are now challenged by global warming, and it is not surprising to see that people around the world are forming different trends in opinion sand different perceptions about anthropogenic climate change (Nature Climate Change, 2013). The 2013 IPCC report on climate change stated that there is a 95 % assurance that climate change is happening because it is caused by humans (IPCC 2013), moreover, this is not the only report that came to this conclusion. In fact, there are recent reviews done on different scientific abstracts with regards to this subject and have found out that most of these papers have accepted the scientific consensus on humans causing global warming (Cook et al. 2013) (Van der Linden et. al, 2014). Furthermore, there are scientists, some of which are considered to be of a high-profile that still put forward other possible reasons for observed changes of climate around the world (Abraham et. al, 2014). Understanding the Scientific Consensus: The development of a scientific understanding is often distinguished by a number of studies that suggest new and alternative reasons of why certain behaviors exist in the natural world. These, then, may or may not be acknowledged by other scientists; however, one could possibly consider investigating and testing furthermore the suggested ideas. More than 100 years ago, the first studies on greenhouse gases and their effect on the Earth’s climate were published (Fourier, 1824; Tyndall 1861; Arrhenius, 1896). Moreover, during the next following years, ways to improve the concept of AGW (Anthropogenic Global Warming) were suggested, yet the basic standards of it were already set. Unfortunately, the general public has continued to be hesitant on whether or not to dismiss the idea of Anthropogenic Global Warming in general or dismiss the concept of the scientific consensus (Zimmerman, 2008; Doran and Zimmerman, 2009; Leiserowitz et al., 2011; Leiserowitz et al., 2012; Pew, 2012). I n order to establish the degree of both of these ideas, a number of different approaches have been followed (Abraham et. al, 2014). Political scientists, sociologists and psychologists, have concentrated their studies on distinctive aspects that can influence the views of the public on global warming, yet they still argue the role of the scientific information and the idea of scientific consensus on climate change (Nature Climate Change, 2013). Now in the case of climate change, as mentioned in the previous text, multiple data show that greenhouse gases, produced by humans, are being captured inside the atmospheric zone, causing the surrounding area to warm. In his Skeptical Science paper, John Cook suggests that people are accepting more the fact that climate change is induced by humans, therefore a number of initiatives are being taken into consideration in order to tackle this phenomenon.Even though studies have shown that most scientists agree on the causes of climate change, people are still not sure what to believe. Why? In the past, scholars have claimed that scientists disagree amongst themselves on the c auses of climate change. Other studies have also suggested that there is a false balance in the media, where journalists introduce a point in question (in this case; Climate change) as being more about how people feel and think than the actual evidence provided (Donald Pidcock, 2013). The current Situation: There is the need to correct such misunderstandings about the scientific consensus. Public engagement with climate change has been taken for granted due to the fact that there is a huge gap in knowledge or public understanding. The â€Å"knowledge-deficit model†; coined by social scientists studying the public communication of science in the 1980s, has unfortunately been put into question (Moser and Dilling 2011; Sturgis and Allum 2004). In 2012, Kahan et al. have argued that conflicts over climate change have little to do with the public’s understanding of the scientific evidence. Yet, other recent research has repeatedly shown that the perceived level of scientific agreement on human-caused climate change actually functions as a critical â€Å"gateway belief† (Ding et al. 2011; Lewandowsky et al. 2013; McCright et al. 2013) (Van der Linden et. al, 2014) The public’s view of the scientific consensus is important on several aspects, especially when creating views and opinions on complicated scientific topics. The public depends on available sources of information to form their opinion, and trust that these sources are reliable. Their perception of scientific consensus also complements with a number of important beliefs and approaches towards serious interests on climate change and support ideas of mitigation (Ding et al., 2011; McCright et al., 2013). As found by Malka et al. (2009), the perception of scientific consensus brings about an agreement between the connection on climate concern and climate knowledge. This means that when one learns more about climate change and how it is produced, it automatically increases the attention and concern. These findings give boost to others by increasing people’s perceptive that climate change is happening, through the communication of the scientific consensus (Lewandowsky et al., 2012; Bolsen et al., 2014). If people keep on thinking that there is a disagreement amongst scientists, especially about Anthropogenic Global Warming, then it will definitely take longer to find action support. This controversy between the perception of the public and the overwhelming agreements amongst scientists, especially when there is a particular scientific topic being discussed, is defined by the â€Å"consensus gap†. This gap is causing strong effects on our society (Abraham et. al, 2014). The effect of the media: Given that most people get their awareness from mass media, one has to make sure that such information is given at best quality, so as to be more affective. Two main sources of mass media that impose great limitations when it comes to the scientific communication are the newspapers and television. The main reasons are that television news stories, often have less than a minute of air time, therefore these can’t be very detailed and informative, whilst newspaper articles are longer, but then again, they are not explained in scientific terms, so people still won’t truly understand the true meaning of climate change and what contributes to it. Scientists also need to understand more the journalistic norms and how journalisms work, whilst on the other hand, communicators should make an effort in increasing the scientific literacy of their mass audience in their articles/ segments and also explain how scientists have become more confident on different knowledge claims, espec ially when it comes to using probability statements. Furthermore, communicators should also make it more clearly to the public that just because there are different conclusions on specific scientific data/ findings, which may or may not be questionable to some groups in society, it might not mean that the real scientific methods, theories and bodies of evidence are at issue within the scientific community (Schneider, 2009) How to improve the public’s perception on climate change: Media communicators should continually promote and reveal the numerous ambitions, goals and strategies of climate change to those people who have an opposing view on this topic and who believe or claims that it is falsely presented by the scientific community. Right or wrong, such people do not follow a valid scientific method, therefore they lack of evidence and scientific support, and they cannot be reliable- their beliefs lacks of scientific status (Moser Dilling, 2011). In addition to communicating the scientific consensus, experts have agreed that certain messages would definitely make a difference. Climate change is real and that people are the main reason of its cause. Climate change is harmful to people, and people need to find ways to reduce it (Maibach et. al., 2014). Oversimplifying such messages can definitely lead to misunderstanding. Moreover, it is not that difficult to reduce the scientific consensus down to a few key sentences. In fact these might encourage people to search and point out reliable sources (Bode, Monroe Megalos, 2014) Communicators have concluded that the reason for lack of public engagement is due to the fact that there has been lack of information and understanding, therefore this issue needs to improve in order to encourage more people to be inspired and take action. They also concluded that if people have fear on potential disasters because no action has been taken yet, than it would motivate them to take action. Mass communication is by far the best way to reach the public with regards to this issue (Moser Dilling, 2011). Communicators have the possibility to use different ways, represent different values, and promote political, cultural, social, and economic frameworks of climate change, through a national discussion (Schneider, 2009) An experiment conducted by Sander van der Linden, Anthony Leiserowitz, Geoffrey Feinberg and Edward W. in 2014, tested three popular ways to communicating the scientific consensus. In the first try, a simple message was shown to a number of participants stating that: â€Å"97% of climate scientists have concluded that human-caused climate change is happening†. In the second try, the same participants were shown a pie chart describing the scientific consensus in a more visual way. For the third attempt, different metaphors where used to describe the consensus. At the end of this experiment, the participants were asked to express what they thought about the scientific consensus before and after participating in this experiment. This concluded that all of the three approaches; the descriptive text, the pie chart and the metaphors, made the public understand more on what the scientific consensus is about. Both the pie chart and the descriptive text were the most effective on the p articipants than the metaphors. The pie chart was then more efficient with people that had political backgrounds. To conclude results show that in order to improve the public’s knowledge on the scientific consensus on climate change; one has to find a way to ensure that the individual is not defined by political persuasion. Scientists, policy makers and even NGO’s have shown to respond more to using short, simple declarative sentences or simple pie charts to communicate the scientific consensus to the public. Since, metaphors were proven less effective; however they still can be very beneficial in explaining difficult scientific concepts. At the end of the day, in order to help improve the state of communication on the issue of climate change, every possible approach is better than nothing. It is important to help people gain knowledge, shape their way of thinking and help them understand more the purpose of a scientific consensus (Van der Linden et. al, 2014) Improving from climate change It will take a huge global effort to create and implement new ways to reduce climate change instances. There is the need to design and embrace new technologies that are aimed to reduce emissions caused by green-house gases so that damaging consequences to human health may be avoided. Moreover, the ability to adjust to such changes depends extensively across different nations. (Schneider, 2009) Poor nations are more exposed to the effects of global warming because they cannot cope with the social and economic situations that are likely to arise due to sea levels changes and severe weather changes (Tierney, 2009). Reducing green-house gas emissions is possible with the help of different types of practices and technologies that can be supplied by the industrial sectors, especially by the waste and land management sectors. Other sectors, including the economy sector needs to be also involved in improving climate change mitigations since green-house gas emissions are commonly present during economic activities. It is also quite important for countries to find ways to increase funding for research and development (Schneider, 2009). To conclude After many years of practice but without any solid basis of research, communicating climate change is now an intense interest to those who wants to increasing public participation. As mentioned before, there have been many different studies that have measured public opinions, attitudes and level of understanding with regards to scientific topics. Moreover, most of the studies have tested different approaches to identify the most effective ways to communicate the scientific consensus. Much of what is known or assume about climate change communication is influenced by studies in other fields such as; Advertising, social marketing and mass media communication. One has to keep in mind the following aims for future research and practice:- Create communication models and technologies, find more effective ways to communicate mitigations, identify ways to adapt to new strategies. Last but not least, one had to make sure to encourage deeper engagement and promote the importance of mass mobili zation (Moser, 2011) References Abraham, J., Cook, J., Fasullo, J., Jacobs, P., Mandia, S., Nuccitelli, D. (2014). Review of the consensus and asymmetric quality of research on human-induced climate change.Cosmopolis,2014(1), 3-18. Arrhenius,S; â€Å"On the Influence of carbonic acid in the air upon temperature of the ground†, The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science Series 5, 1896, vol. 41, pp. 237-276 Bode, C., Monroe, M., Megalos, M. (2014).  Strategies for communicating climate change to extension audiences: Fact sheet.Unpublished manuscript. Bolsen, T., Leeper, T. J., Shapiro, M. A. (2014). Doing what others do norms, science, and collective action on global warming.American Politics Research,42(1), 65-89. Cook, J., Nuccitelli, D., Green, S. A., Richardson, M., Winkler, B., Painting, R., . . . Skuce, A. (2013). Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature.Environmental Research Letters,8(2), 024024. Ding, D., Maibach, E. W., Zhao, X., Roser-Renouf, C., Leiserowitz, A. (2011). Support for climate policy and societal action are linked to perceptions about scientific agreement.Nature Climate Change,1(9), 462-466. Donald, R., Pidcock, R. (2013).  We all agree about communicating climate consensus, don’t we?. Retrieved fromhttp://www.carbonbrief.org/blog/2013/05/we-all-agree-about-communicating-climate-consensus,-dont-we Doran, P and Zimmerman, M; â€Å"Examining the scientific consensus on climate change†, Eos, 2009, vol. 90, 22-23. Fourier, J. (1827). On the temperature of the terrestrial sphere and interplanetary space.  Mà ©moires De l’Acadà ©mie Royale Des Sciences,7, 569-604. IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), â€Å"Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2013†, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, USA Kahan, D. M., Peters, E., Wittlin, M., Slovic, P., Ouellette, L. L., Braman, D., Mandel, G. (2012). The polarizing impact of science literacy and numeracy on perceived climate change risks.Nature Climate Change,2(10), 732-735. Leiserowitz, A., Maibach, E., Roser-Renouf, C., Smith, N. (2011). Climate change in the american mind: Americans’ global warming beliefs and attitudes in may 2011.Yale University, New Haven, Leiserowitz, A, et al., â€Å"Climate change in the American mind: Americans’ global warming beliefs and attitudes in September, 2012†, Yale University and George Mason University, New Haven, CT: Yale Project on Climate Change Communication, 2012. Lewandowsky, S., Gignac, G. E., Vaughan, S. (2013). The pivotal role of perceived scientific consensus in acceptance of science.Nature Climate Change,3(4), 399-404. Maibach, E., Myers, T., Leiserowitz, A. (2014). Climate scientists need to set the record straight: There is a scientific consensus that humanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ caused climate change is happening.Earths Future, Malka, A., Krosnick, J. A., Langer, G. (2009). The association of knowledge with concern about global warming: Trusted information sources shape public thinking.Risk Analysis,29(5), 633-647. McCright, A. M., Dunlap, R. E., Xiao, C. (2013). Perceived scientific agreement and support for government action on climate change in the USA.Climatic Change,119(2), 511-518. Moser, S. C. (2010). Communicating climate change: History, challenges, process and future directions.Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change,1(1), 31-53. Moser, S. C., Dilling, L. (2011). Communicating climate change: Closing the science-action gap.The Oxford Handbook of Climate Change and Society.Oxford University Press, Oxford,, 161-176. Nature Climate Change. (2013).  Climate consensus.3, 303. doi:10.1038/nclimate1875 Schneider, S. H. (2009).  Climate change science and policyIsland Press. Sturgis, P., Allum, N. (2004). Science in society: Re-evaluating the deficit model of public attitudes.Public Understanding of Science,13(1), 55-74. Tierney, L. (2009). The politics of climate change: who suffers most?. Retrieved fromhttps://www.mtholyoke.edu/~tiern20l/classweb/climatechange/suffer.html Tyndall, J. (1861). The bakerian lecture: On the absorption and radiation of heat by gases and vapours, and on the physical connexion of radiation, absorption, and conduction.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London,151, 1-36. van der Linden, Sander L, Leiserowitz, A. A., Feinberg, G. D., Maibach, E. W. (2014). How to communicate the scientific consensus on climate change: Plain facts, pie charts or metaphors?Climatic Change,126(1-2), 255-262. Zimmerman, M. R. (2008).  The Consensus on the Consensus: An Opinion Survey of Earth Scientists on Global Climate Change

The Boardwalk of Santa Cruz Essay -- Observation Essay, Descriptive Ess

The Boardwalk of Santa Cruz "Keifer Sutherland blockbuster Lost Boys filmed on this spot," proclaimed the self-important plaque. It was mounted on a wall along a long flight of log stairs. As I looked back, miles of beach stretched out before me and, across the bay, I could see red, blue, orange lights whirling high above the crowds upon a huge wheel. We made our way back to where the steps met back up with the sidewalk alongside the highway. We were hit by the smell of the city, of the freeways, re-invading our senses. I took one final look back and studied once more the long progression of wooden planks stretching off into the distance. It had been like no place I'd ever experienced. The Boardwalk. Santa Cruz. It was the summer of 2000 and I had moved in with my sister Jana in Santa Cruz, California for the summer. I had taken a 32-hour bus ride to get there and was completely exhausted from it, but Jana wanted to show off her city, so the next day she gave me a tour. She had an apartment right on the beach, and we could go swimming anytime. We went downtown and I took in this unfamiliar environment. The people were so much more diverse than I was used to. Growing up in a town of 280 people in western Colorado does not exactly allow one to experience many types of people. In one glimpse down a street in Santa Cruz, I could see a sampling of the world. People of all colors and creeds wearing turbans, sarongs, and other exotic clothes mixed right in with the type of people I had grown up with. California does not have mental institutions, so most mental patients end up homeless in the streets--another wrinkle to the cloak of humanity of this particular street. I witnessed one man... ...s and blocks of shops, restaurants, bowling alleys, bars and emergency medical stations for those who needed assistance, such as having their stomachs pumped, after a night on the Boardwalk. The people milling about were just as varied as those downtown, if decidedly younger. The beach was filled with rides and volleyball nets all along the coast. We started out in a bowling alley and progressed on to numerous other establishments, including a Falafel place where none of the employees spoke anything but Farsi. As the night wore on and the bars became less and less selective, the night became hazier and hazier. One of the memories that remained in my addled brain the next morning was riding the Ferris wheel high above the crowds and feeling the wondrous ocean breeze coming in. It was one of the most fun nights I had while I was in California.

Extended Breastfeeding: Is It Healthy? :: Breastfeeding vs. Formula

Is it unusual when the cover of TIME magazine depicts a young child being fed by the breast of his mother? Believe it or not, there are mothers who breastfeed their children up to the age of six. This trend can be classified as attachment parenting. Attachment parenting, as explored by TIME’s Kate Pickert, is a controversial issue that has been the topic of discussion for decades. Thus, whether attachment parenting is acceptable or not has been long debated, and its controversy can lead to some oppositions. Firstly, the cover’s title, â€Å"Are you mom enough?,† which advertises this parenting style, is questionable to working mothers. For instance, what does it even mean to be mom enough? Secondly, a major criticism of this parenting style is that it could lead to dependent and spoiled children. Then, Dr. Bill Sears, an advocate for this style of parenting, suggests to mothers that attachment parenting prevents bullying. Based on these objections, it appears to some people that there are more positive benefits associated with weaning a child off of breastfeeding before they reach a certain age. The cover of TIME magazine uses pathos to invoke acceptance as a child stands clinging on to his mother’s breast, along with the words, â€Å"Are you mom enough?† This assertion can empower some women to do the accepted thing; yet, offend other women, who don’t agree, at the same time. A mother’s primary role is to nurture and guide the growth of her family. The woman, in particular, displays this role in which, â€Å"her charge [is] to oversee her child’s physical, intellectual, and spiritual development† (Plant 2010). However, there are many ways to manage a child’s well-being, aside from breastfeeding up to the age of six. Therefore, the cover can imply that mothers. who don’t practice attachment parenting, are not woman enough. Moreover, it doesn’t necessarily make a mother a bad parent if she doesn’t attend to her child’s every cry, sleep beside him at night, or breastfeed him throughout his entire adol escence. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that infants should be exclusively breastfed for the first six months of life. Afterwards, their studies suggest that the child â€Å"should receive complementary foods that are nutritionally adequate (providing sufficient calories, protein as well as micronutrients needed for proper growth) and safe while continuing to breastfeed for up to 2 years or more† (Children’s Health). Based on their study, there is a positive correlation between weaning a child completely off of his mom by two and his level of independence into toddlerhood.

Aid for Drug Addicts

Drug abuse is one of the major concerns of our society today.   It probably has the most negative effects on our communities. It does not only destroy the life of the substance user but also of the others around him. Substance abuse is also directly linked to heinous crimes such as rape, murder and theft.Teenagers are reportedly the most drug users. However, even adults can also be lead to using the substance. There are many factors, most of which are social and psychological, which may have pushed a person to taking in these illegal dugs.Although these persons know the downside of doing drugs, they may have been driven out of curiosity or more probably by their problems to take in drugs. What’s scary about this is that even if the person would want to stop, he becomes addicted to it.A drug addict should be strong enough to fight this addiction. On top of that, he should confide to the persons close to him, and trust them to help him. A drug addict could not fight this probl em alone, he needs to solicit all the help he could get.Drug addiction is defined as a condition wherein a person taking in drugs has much difficulty quitting the habit. Even if you have successfully showed the drug user the potential harm drugs can do to him, it would be very difficult to make him stop using it because his body has become thoroughly dependent on the substance.That is why combating the use of drugs is a problem that is very hard to address. A desire to stop the habit is simply not enough to cure drug addiction. The fight against drugs is not just a fight of one person, or of one family. The government should also be responsible enough to take proactive steps to help address the issue.As mentioned previously, drug abuse can take a large toll on our society. Eventually, crime rates would go up as the drug abuse cases go up. Drug abuse is directly linked to probably every problem and crime you can think of.As soon as a person shows signs of drug abuse, he must be helpe d immediately. Addicted individuals may not open up easily but with proper nurturing, he will soon allow other people to help him.Currently, there are a lot of ways or methods implemented that’s been proven to help remedy drug abuse. These methods vary widely from each other, depending on the type of drugs used.Different drugs have different effects on an individual, and thus, would require specific cures. Other factors that should be considered in curing a drug addict are: the duration of his drug addiction, any medical complications, and most importantly, his social needs. Most of the time, it may also be necessary that the other persons with close ties to the drug addict undergo some form of treatments.Drug addiction is a complicated ailment. Unlike other medical conditions which can be simply treated with a medicine, drug addiction affects the whole being of a person, not just his physical condition. Drug addiction has a major effect on a person’s mental and especi ally social well being. That makes drug addiction a real crisis of everybody.Fortunately, everybody is aware of this crisis. There are concerned non-profit groups aimed to help individuals to recover from their drug addiction. If you’ll just take a good look around in your neighborhood, you can probably hear about certain groups of addicted individuals hoping to cure themselves from drug addiction.Joining one of these groups would greatly help a drug user in his fight against drugs. Here, he’ll learn to interact with other individuals who are also in his same situation. If a friend of yours is suffering from drug addiction, you wouldn’t be able to help him more than to find him a group whom he can relate with.There’s probably no better cure than fighting it together with persons whom he knows can understand what he’s going through. Thus, it is important to encourage drug users to join such groups. Prominent examples of these groups are the Narcotic s Anonymous and Alcoholic Anonymous.If an individual has been seriously addicted to a certain drug, the best option for him is to undergo a residential treatment. Substance abuse rehabilitation centers offer effective drug treatment programs, not only for the addicted individual but also to help his family and friends who may have also been seriously affected by his condition.These residential treatment programs isolate the drug addicts from any contact with drugs or dealers to speed up his drug addiction recovery. There are also outpatient clinics that offer individual and group counseling. Qualified physician and psychiatrist assist individuals in coping with their treatments.Most people would find it helpful to visit a psychiatrist and maybe a psychologist once in awhile to talk about the most common side effects of curing drugs – anxiety and stress. It would be a great help if the government can maybe subsidize counseling centers which provides individuals information on how they can recover from these drug addictions.This may sound quite ironic to some, but drug addiction can also be effectively treated by prescribing other addictive drugs, such as methadone.These drugs are considered replacement drugs. From the term replacement, other less addictive substances are prescribed to the addicted individual to gradually alleviate his addiction on the strong substance.Sometimes, a psychiatrist can come into a conclusion that this is the only way to reliably treat the drug user. However, for those not interested in using other drugs to cure their drug addiction, they could consider acupuncture detoxification. This remedy may also be used to treat drugs, as well.There are really a lot of ways to recover from drug addiction. A lot of ideas and programs have already been developed and proven to effectively cure drug addiction.These programs have successful outcomes. In deciding which of these is the best type of recovery program for an individual, one should consider several factors including the type of drugs being used, the personality of the addicted individual, his concept of religion and spirituality, mental and physical fitness, and of course, the affordability of the program.Despite the improvements of the medical sciences in combating drug addiction, still the most widely accepted â€Å"cure† for drug addiction is abstinence from these addictive substances. The old adage, Prevention is better than cure, holds true in the fight against drug addiction.Treatments for drug addiction don’t usually come cheap, and they also don’t come easy. It requires hard work for both the addicted patient and the people around him.It can affect the lifestyle of every people he constantly makes contact to. Thus, nothing can be better than preventing people from using these addictive drugs in the first place.Since most people are tempted to try drugs for the first time during their teenage years, it is important that they develo p a good relationship between their family, peers and educators.Prevention programs should reduce the risk factors of taking in drugs and at the same time enhance the protective factors. Probably the strongest of the factors is the person’s behavior and support he gets from the people he usually interacts with.At this stage of a young adult’s life, family bonding is deemed to be very important. Parental supervision is very critical in substance abuse prevention.A god parent-child communication is very beneficial in monitoring some factors which may possibly lead the child from taking in drugs. Parents are also the best educators when it comes to drug information and their harmful effects. Studies have shown that whatever the parents says and act have the greatest effects on an individual.Ineffective parenting, especially if the parents also abuse drugs, will likely result in a child who would be a victim a drug abuse in his later life.

The Strange Neighbour

Mr and Mrs Brown and their two children decided to go on a holiday on Monday 22nd of December. The day was cold and windy. Mr Brown's mother did not want to go with them, so she decided to stay alone, but Mr Brown did not want his mother to stay alone so he asked one of their neighbour Mr Collins to come and stay with his mother while they are on holiday. Mr Collins was about 25 years old. He was a very interesting person to know. He was friendly but quiet and never said much about his family or friends. Normally every morning he would say hello and smile! Every morning, Monday to Saturday he would go to work from 9 am to 7 pm. Then he would go home make some dinner for himself and then sometimes go and see Mr Brown and his family to have a cup of tea together and talk for a while. They would never talk about anything so personal. Mr Brown and his family after making all the arrangements with Mr Collins left for their holiday to Scotland by car. After reaching their destination safely they phoned their mother to say they have reached safely by car and asked how she was. Afterwards Mr Brown spoke to Mr Collins, just to say hello and to make sure if everything is all right. The next morning Mr Collins went to work after having his breakfast, Mrs Brown made him bacon and eggs for breakfast. He said, â€Å"thank you and bye†. She then had her breakfast and got dressed afterwards. She went of to do the daily shopping at the local supermarket. On her way back home, she went to see her very close friend Mrs Robertson. They had a cup of tea together and gossiped for a while. Then she came back home and prepared dinner. She felt bit alone but she preferred being independent as she liked to be on her own at times, and also liked to do things alone during the day time, but still she missed her family very much. Mr Collins came home and had dinner. He watched TV for a while and then went to sleep. This is what use to happen everyday. A week had passed and it was Tuesday evening, Mr Collins started being very strange and mysterious. Whenever Mr Brown's mother used to take out her jewellery or her money, he would look at her very strangely. On that night he went to sleep bit late compared to other nights. Normally he sleep's by 10 pm. On the morning of Thursday Mr Collins went to work the usual time and returned home at the usual time. Mr and Mrs Brown and their two children were returning home on Friday. Mr Brown's mother was getting excited and was happy that Mr Brown and family were returning home next day. The next day was Friday. Mr and Mrs Brown and their two children were returning home in about three hours. Mr Collins got his things together to go home. He went home and said bye and left in a strange way he looked very strange and worried. Mr Brown's mother closed the door and then went into the kitchen to prepare lunch for Mr & Mrs Brown and their two children as they were going to return home in about one and a half hours. After she made lunch she went upstairs to get dressed and went to take her jewellery out, so she opened her cupboard, but she could not find her jewellery so she got worried. She went to see if her money was their but all of her money had disappeared as well. She then realised that she had been robbed also all her expensive things had been stolen. She called the police; they came just when Mr Brown and his family arrived. She told the police what had happened and also mentioned who was staying with her while her family had gone on a holiday. The police went to Mr Collins house, there was no one there and all his things had gone. They tried looking for him for many years but they never found him. Mr Brown and his family came to know that was the last they saw of him.

Our aim is to investigate how much quicker Essay

Aim:- Our aim is to investigate how much quicker a reaction happens if the acid we uses strength goes up, and also to see if there is a pattern which could be carried on to higher strength acids. Background Science:- Chemical reactions play a very important part in our life, some even keep us alive (the process of our digestion system is a series of chemical reactions which convert food into chemicals which can be more easily used by our bodies), other circumstances where chemical reactions are used in our bodies that cut down the amount of acid in your stomach, there are also chemicals in washing powder for removing stains by using chemicals called enzymes which speed up the breakdown of the chemicals in stains. All chemical reactions happen at various speeds, such as chemicals in fireworks which react very fast, within seconds of the firework being lit the reaction is over. Slow chemical reactions could be such things as the ripening of cheese so it can mature over time. Some adhesives we use require two chemicals to be mixed depending on the amounts used it could make the glue harden quickly or slowly. Some reactions happen slowly whereas some happen very fast. The name in which we measure a speed of a reaction is called a â€Å"Rate Of Reaction†. It can be measured in two ways, either the rate in which one of the products is produced, one of the products that is produced is gas, you can measure gas in a syringe or in a upturned burette. Another method that can be used is recording mass of the reactant, (how much the mass has added to its weight of lost). The mass could be recorded every minute and could be written like this, 1. 0g/60secs. Variables:- We had four variables to choose from, Temperature, Concentration, Surface area/Pressure and Catalyst. If we were to use temperature we would measure how much quicker the reaction would go if the acid and calcium were heated together, but we would have to keep the temperature at a constant heat as it wouldn’t be a fair test if the reactants were getting hotter and colder. If we were to use a catalyst it would be used to speed up the reaction, but this would be unfair because we wouldn’t be able to measure how much extra speed is being put in by the catalyst. Or we could change the surface area of the reactant, this would give the acid more of a area to act on, to measure this we would have to weigh the calcium first then expose it to the acid for a certain time and then take it out and weigh it, making sure we use the same concentration of acid each time to make it a fair test. We decided to use Concentration, for this we would change the strength of concentration each time and take a volume of gas that is given off every ten seconds. From choosing the variable – Concentration we can measure the rate of gas that is being given of, this could be useful because we could work out how much gas per minute is being given off, from that we can then predict how much gas is being given off for any time you need to find. Prediction:- I think that as the strength of the acid goes up the rate of reaction will go up. Collision Theory:- I think this will happen because the higher the strength of the solution the more particles there are in the solution, which means more collisions more frequently. The acid will hit the calcium carbonate, if there is enough energy in the acid the calcium and acid will react together to give off Carbon Dioxide. The more the particles collide the faster they react. I have made a predicted graph, showing what I think the graph will look like. I have drawn in the lines of best fit showing the steepness of the line. This diagram shows how the acid particles collide with the marble chip to give off a gas. Method:- Set up apparatus as shown above. 1. Measure out desired amount of marble chips. 2. Measure out desired amount of hydrochloric acid – 0. 25 mole first, then when all experiments with 1 mole have been completed go onto 0. 5 mole then 1 mole then 1. 5 and finally 2 mole. 3. Fill up the water bowl. 4. Fill measuring cylinder with water up to 100 ml. 5. Holding hand over the top of the measuring cylinder quickly turn it upside down and place it under the water (as shown above). If the water comes out refill the cylinder and try again. 6. Place tube so one end is coming up in the cylinder under water. 7. Put the marbles in the chronicle flask. 8. Pour in the hydrochloric acid and quickly affix the top with the tube coming out of it into the chronicle flask. 9. Decide at what time you will measure how much gas is given off. We decided to take a reading every 10 seconds, we also decided to start taking the readings at 30 seconds. You measure how much gas is given off by the water dropping in the measuring cylinder. E. g. 10 mls given off in the first 30 seconds. 10. Take these readings for 100 seconds using a stop watch to be precise. I am going to take 3 repeats, I am doing 3 because I can get a fair average from these 3 results. From the averages I will plot a graph to compare the different strength acids. Analysis:- (Graphs). From my graphs I clearly show the variable of different strengths of acids. As I used higher strength acids, the time in which the gas was produced got much faster. As the acids get stronger the lines become more inline. Whereas the 0. 5 points were all over the place. From my results I can see that my prediction was correct â€Å"I think that as the strength of the acid goes up the rate of reaction will go up†. I could see that from my results the strength of acid went up and the speed it took to make the gas went down. This links to the collision theory, that is that as the strength of the acid went up there were more particles to collide on the marble, which meant that more gas was given of due to more particles in the small mixture. The higher the strength of acid the more accurate the results became, we can see this because the range bars get smaller as the strength of the acid gets stronger. From the predicted graph I can see a difference in the results graph. The 1 mole strength acid has taken longer than the 0. 5 mole acid to produce the gas. I will explain the possible reasons for this more in my evaluation. Evaluation:- The main difficulty we faced was with the 2 mole strength acid because it reacted so fast we barely had time to read the times precisely. This may have meant we had unfair results. The main anomalous results were the 1 mole results, because from the information we have (collision theory) it tells us that it is stronger than the 0. 5 mole which means it should be lower than on the graph than 0. 5. But it isn’t. This may have been because the results were read wrong, the acid we used may have been slightly too strong or the marble chips we used may have been smaller which means it is easier for the acids to break down. To improve the accuracy we could use a burette, which are far more accurate than a measuring cylinder or a gas cylinder. Gas Syringe Burette Computer data collectors are a very accurate way of registering the time, also if you were to use a camera recorder so you could look back at it and pause it when it got to the times when you needed to record a time. The results would never be the same because sometimes the measurement of marble chips maybe slightly more or less, or the accuracy of reading the time would be slightly out etc. As I said earlier in my investigation the results seemed to become more reliable as the strength of acid went up. Although it should be less accurate to measure the time as the acid strength went up it seemed to be more accurate. James Lane 11N – Rates Of Reaction Investigation.