We Are Surrounded By Media Sociology Essay

We Are Surrounded By Media Sociology leavenIn todays world, we ar surrounded by media. Our lives atomic number 18 saturated by wordpapers, radio, books, television, movies, Internet, and m any(prenominal) opposite aspects of media. These potbelly be broadly classified into newsworthiness media and prevalent media. In India, both these types provide an insight to Indian spiritedness, which is fill with ro mankindce, tradition, and all the separate day-to-day experiences and situations wiz magnate lift across. But, tear down though they might seem the same, they both play real different roles in parliamentary law.Popular media represents and recounts a vast number of real bread and saveter stories, and portrays them in a manner enjoyable for the audience. tidings media on the other hand, provides more than facts and gives raw information for the audience to on a lower floorstand, with or without a theatre opinion of its own on the matter. Popular media r all(pr enominal)es out to a much larger audience, as both literate person and illiterate peck be able to access it, succession news media entirely reaches out to the literate and wealthy people. This difference good deal become a fuss in certain situations. Both these parts of media reflect association constantly, as they ar shaped from and around experiences and stories of the people in the society. Usually, both these types concur with each other in the content and representation of society, entirely there atomic number 18 specific results in which this ceases to be true. An example of this is the portrayal of the prominence and do of the constituent system in India today. For a long time, both democratic and news media reflected the aspects of the fate system in Indian society very vividly and comprehensively, shargond the same view about the topic, and thus were in unity with each other. But overtime, it was noniced that popular media deviated from this pattern and no longer reflected the prominence of the serving system in society, while the news media continued to do so, thus creating an ideological difference between the two. The problem of the lot system is still prominent, and the news media continues to reflect this. But since popular media does not reflect society anymore, a majority of the society comes to a lower place the im bear onion that there is nothing wrong in what they atomic number 18 doing. This can build the parcel system to be persistent in the prevalent lives of Indian families.The dower system is a cultural system in India in which the parents of the bride buy off a large sum of money, and give big-ticket(prenominal) jewelry and other gifts such as cars, to the parents of the groom during spousal. Traditionally, there were many basiss for the establishment of this system. It was a form of inheritance for the bride, since all the family property was catching by men. It was supposed to be the security for the bride in case any misfortune befell her preserves house. It was as well as a system of honoring the groom for his willingness to carry the bride as his wife in spousals, and the gifts given could range from anything significant to withal a small token of good wishes. However, the cupidity of destiny has affect almost all ordinary families in India. Nowadays, in marriages between or amongst all hierarchal levels of society, dower is generally an unspoken requirement. And out-of-pocket to the mental picture to mass media, the gifts given in dowry necessitate transformed into a large transfer of wealth, making it an important factor in marriage.The kind and cultural effects of the dowry system are devastating to the society as a whole. The system reduced women to a commodity and a source of wealth. Even if the dowry is paid, in most cases, the bride is tortured by her in-laws mentally and physically as they demand for more dowry sluice after marriage. This torture general ly leads to suicide or murder of the bride.The reason why dowry is still persistent in India is not besides because it is difficult to enforce the law against it or because the grooms family is very demanding, still also because the brides family continues to bear with it. Despite the widespread awareness of the negative consequences of dowry and the problems cause by it, it is still seen as a way of buying felicitousness for the bride. Many families believe that giving a large dowry would settlement in better treatment of the daughter by the grooms family. This has only when modify the problem as the standard for dowry became high and so marriage was dependent on whether the brides family could reach that standard of dowry or not.A scan was done in 1980 which examined students expectations of dowry for people with various culture backgrounds. Even though majority of the students viewed the dowry system as an sin in society and considered it unimportant for marriage, most of the brothers of the respondents gave or received dowry for their sisters marriages. Also, depending on the social status and affluence of the family, and the education qualifications of the bride and the groom, the amount of dowry needed to be given varies significantly. There is a positive correlation between a mans education and status to the dowry his family demands. As a grooms educational experience growths, the dowry demanded for the marriage also increases.In 1961, the payment of dowry was prohibited under the Indian Civil Law, and also under sections 304B and 498A of the Indian Penal Code (IPC). Despite this, this system of dowry has been a continuous and never ending menace in our society. These laws were do in order to make it easier for women to seek redress from the harassment she is under by the mans family. But these laws move over been of little help to brides, who are harassed crimson today by their in-laws. Instances of such situations sport constantly been shown to the public by the media.The power of media in todays world is surprising. The media has the freedom to form opinions, and through this they can change the opinions of people. But, people forget that in the end, all media is doing is reflecting society. The stories the media covers, and the plots of the movies that are made (except fantasy fiction of course), all are based on situations which whitethorn occur in day to day bearing, or real life situations. Same was the case with the dowry system. The media understandably render the agonies and fuss of Indian women as they were suffering from the cruelties of the dowry system. This can be seen from very out-of-the-way(prenominal) back in popular as well as news media.Dowry-inspired murder cases received immense coverage by news media in the late 1970s and 1980s due to the active role vie by womens organizations. The womens organizations played a very important role in increasing awareness and coverage of dowry cerebrate cases. A study done on the coverage of dowry related cases from 1979-1984 concludes that there was a noticeable improvement in the coverage of dowry in the subject papers due to the womens organizations, although the coverage in regional papers remained the same. By 1979, one dowry related conclusion received serious press coverage. A 24 year old bride from New Delhi, Tarvinder Kaur, was set on fire by her mother-in-law and sister-in-law due to the less dowry paid by her. Another significant dowry-related murder case was that of Tripti Sharma, who worked at the Ministry of Defense. She was burned to death by her husband and his family in 1986. A more optimistic and fresh case is that of Nisha Sharma. In May 2003, she handed over her in store(predicate) husband to the police on the day of the wedding itself as he was demanding more dowry from her. This example shows what women need to do in cases of dowry abuse. Nisha refused to come under the pressures of the grooms family, and decided that she is not going to sustain it. These examples from news media are clearly reflective of the state of affairs in India at that time, and case with popular media was similar.In 1992, the movie City of Joy depicted a family which had really high dowry demands. In the movie, the grooms father clearly states, I am firm in requiring for my exceptional son the bicycle, 1000 rupees, and one ounce of gold. The brides father responds by saying, The child of a king might be worth that, and Im not even sure of that Another 2001 movie, Lajja, clearly displayed the consequences of the dowry system, its working, and how it may be a big burden on the brides family. In the movie, Maithili (Mahima Chaudhary) is about to be married to a wealthy man of a family with a high social status. Maithilis parents give away everything they bear in the dowry, including their land and saved money. Upon still falling short, they take loans from their friends, but they are still not able to gather t he full amount. Maithili requests her future husband to convince his dada to let the rest of the money be, but he is too scared to do so. Seeing this, and seeing her dad beg in front of the grooms father to convey the money he has, she rebels, and calls of the wedding. She was not able to bear to see her father being low-toned in such a manner by the grooms father. Both these movies showed depicted that the brides family has to struggle a lot in order to gather the dowry for the grooms family, and thus is a big burden on them.This depiction of the dowry system by popular media was in concurrence with its reflection in the news media, but as we move ahead on the timeline, this concurrence slowly fades away. The movie Lajja was the last movie to clearly depict the pain inflicted due to the dowry system. The 2006 movie Lage Raho Munna Bhai also had the concept of dowry, but it did not demonstrate the consequences of the dowry system, and only showed that the concept of dowry existed . Since then, popular media has not depicted anything related to cases of dowry related abuse or murder. And this would have been perfectly fine if the society had transformed to this effect and there were no more dowry related crimes fetching place. But this was not true, as news media still continued to report about such crimes taking place.Number of dowry cases goes up (The Hindu, January 2008) Dowry death after fuck marriage (The Times of India, April 2008) Harassed for dowry, teacher ends life (The Indian Express, November 2007). These are unspoilt three headlines from three of Indias popular newspapers that show the persistence of the dowry system and its consequences in modern India. Dowry is still prevalent in modern India, in not only the illiterate section of the population, but also the educated elites in Indias major metropolitan cities. Surprisingly in the past decade, the number of dowry related crime cases has actually foregone up, despite dowry being banned since 1961 by Indian law. harmonise to the statistics released by the National Crime Records Bereau, a total of 8391 dowry deaths were account in 2010 itself, which means that a bride was killed every 90 minutes due to dowry related reasons. In 1988, this number was 2209 in 1990 it rose to 4835 in 2000 (a decade earlier), this number was 6995, and in 2007 it climbed up to an astounding 8093.According to other government records, Delhi itself records a few hundred dowry deaths every year, while womens rights groups estimate this number to be at 900 per year. This is a phenomenal increase compared to the number for the 1990s, which is about 300 per year. It is important to note that these are just official records, and are thus immensely under-reported. 90% of the cases in which women are burnt are recorded as accident, 5% as suicides, and only the remaining 5% of the cases are shown as murder. These shockingly high rime clearly reflect the continuous increase in dowry related crimes an d deaths in India.This is due to the continued commercialization of marriages in the modern Indian society. Indias economic liberalization has seen a proportionate rise in the levels of greed as compared to 1990, and a bride is now perceived by her future in-laws as a source of potential cash flow. A famous commendation from former Justice Markandey Katju reads, On one hand, people regard women as goddesses, and on the other hand they burn them alive. This is against the norms of civilized society. Its barbaric. This is in rejoinder to an appeal filed by a husband who had just been sentenced to imprisonment for life by a Sessions court for burning his wife due to dowry related reasons.The effects of the dowry system are so furthest and wide ranging, that they can even be traced back to the womb. This system is the patriarchal cause for female feticide and infanticide as poorer parents get to avoid the long burden of saving up for the dowry for their daughters marriage. The com mercialization of marriage and female infanticide is clearly reflected in the movie Matrubhoomi, in which a reverse dowry system is depicted. The movie shows a society in which there are no women left due to excessive female infanticide, and the men have grown to be so sexually frustrated, that they are ready to pay large amounts of money to get a wife for themselves or their sons. So as soon as the head of the family finds Kalki, they literally buy her from her father, by giving him vanadium lakh rupees and five cows, and marry her to all five of his sons. Kalki simply becomes a source of money for her father, and a sex mark for her husbands.Nowadays, there are famous advertisements which have been put up in many of the rural villages, which read, Spend 500 rupees today, save 5000 rupees later. This is a filename extension to the cost of abortion compared to the cost of the dowry which they might have to give. It essentially encourages the families to come and get an abortion i f their child is a girl, so that they dont have the burden of paying the dowry while getting her married in the future. This is the primary reason why India has a distorted sex ratio of 933 girls for every 1,000 boys.As is evident, the problems due to the dowry system have only been rising over the past decade. Despite this, popular media has failed to reflect these problems. News media has continued to keep up with these updates, and report about them, but popular media has deviated into its own path. Since popular media has a much larger audience compared to news media, this results in the society getting a totally different tie-up of what is happening in their world a wrong viewpoint in which what they are doing is not wrong. Also, since popular media has a much larger international audience as compared to news media, people from other countries get a totally different view of India a world in which the dowry system does not exist and is not causing any problems at all. Thus, an untrue version of the society is shown to the world outside, which is not good, as when these people actually come to India and read about the truth, it is a shocking manifestation for them.A shift is Indias attitude towards the dowry systems is urgently due. In artless words, dowry is equal to a family paying a man to accept their daughter as his wife, while the man along with his family, tries to get the utmost price out of the womans family. This association of economic gain with women in marriage is something which has long been persistent in India, and needs to stop. Simply making anti-dowry laws has be to be inefficient. We need to make the society see their mistakes and realize what they are doing wrong, and this can only be done if popular media continues to reflect society as it did before.India essential come together to end this practice. This could see couples transmission channel their funds to provide education to their daughters, instead of saving money for geezerhood and years for dowry. The days of the persistence of the dowry system in India must be numbered, or Indian societys claim to be progressive is disingenuous.

Research methodology, different types of philosophical

seek systemology, varied types of philosophicalFischer (2004) narrates that look mannerology is the essay which raises all types of philosophical questions for the police detectives to know and check the handiness of their knowledge.Saunders et al. (2007) states that, the explore radiation diagram will be the general plan of how to act the question questions and it should concurClear objectives derived from the enquiry questionsIt should specify springs from which info is put inConsider the constraints that the detective will have access to entropy, location conviction and moneyDiscussing honest issuesCooper and Schindler (2008) addresss that the look into task is a sequential process involving all the way define go. They withal state that despite the variation in steps involved, the idea of sequence is manipulationful in developing a research and maintaining an assure as the research progresses. cor suffice to Teresa and William (1997), research order ology provides a systematic, planned nestle to a research enter and ensures that all aspects of the project atomic number 18 consistent with one a nonher.The method that has been apply for this research is found on the research process onion as described by Saunders et al. (2007). The research goes through different layers of the research onion. The various layers argon philosophies, climb upes, strategies, choices, clock time horizons and techniques and procedures. This chapter is divided into collar fractions. The first section deals with the research methods that have been use for this dissertation. The min ingredient deals with knowledge entreaty methods. The last section deals with world and sampling.Research Onion- Adapted from Saunders et al. (2007)Research philosophySaunders et al. (2007) mentions that research philosophy depends on the way you think about the development of knowledge. It is the first layer in the research onion proposed by them. jibe to th em, there be triplet approaches to research philosophy. They ar epistemology, ontology and axiology. Epistemology constitutes with the accept competent knowledge in the field of take apart ontology is concerned with nature of realisticity where as axiology studies about the investigators value in all stage of research process.They vie that the choice of philosophy depends on the research question posed and the detective feels that the approach that has to be use is Epistemology. Jancowickz (2000) mentioned epistemology as personal theory of knowing and what researcher feels as knowledge, what he counts as evidence and proof and what he does not.Saunders et al. (2007) mentioned that there atomic number 18 terce epistemological positions namely, incontrovertibleness, interpretivism, and realism.Positivism Saunders et al. (2007) mentions that if research philosophy reflects the principles of positivism, then we will believably adopt the philosophical stance of a natural s cientist. concord to Bryman bell shape (2007) positivism is an epistemological position that advocates the application of methods of natural sciences to study of hearty reality and beyond. Reilly (2006) defined positivism as a belief that except true knowledge is scientific in character, describing interrelationships between real and observable phenomena.Interpretivism This is a philosophy where researcher be deprecative of positivism and argue that rich insights, into complex world be lost if such complexity is degraded spotlessly to a series of law like generations. It to a fault emphasises on the battle between conducting a research among race or else than tangible objects.Realism This is a philosophical approach which is based on that a reality exists that is independent of human thoughts and beliefs. It holds many thoughts from positivism and it scientifically questions what is regarded as acceptable knowledge. In realism, the approach assumes a scientific approac h to the development of information and underpins the viewion of entropy and understanding of those info. (Saunders et al., 2007, p105). at that place are devil types of realism namely critical realism and direct realism. grade realism is what the researcher experience through his senses cook ups the world accurately. In critical realism, what the researcher experiences are sensations and images of the things in the real world, but not the real thing.Research philosophy for this researchSaunders et al. (2007) argues that usually a combination of positivism and interpretivism are generally utilize in the management of business research. However, the research philosophy varies according to research question. This research steeringes on electric shock of gross sales promotional materials on proclivity bribes. Various authors have discussed the phenomenon that happens and the researcher is trying to explore the consumer doings on impulse purchase. The philosophy that is used in this research is realism. For this the researcher uses acceptable knowledge in the field of impulse purchase and consumer behaviour to understand the impact of sales promotion on impulse purchase and consumer loyalty. The researcher collects and analyses data development acceptable knowledge for the persona of firmness of purposeing the research question, so the research is more inclined towards realism.Research ApproachSaunders et al. (2007) states that all research work involves theories and suggests the clarity of researchers theory at the beginning of the research could inform the research the approach taken in designing the research. They, suggest deuce types of research approach of modestnessing. They are inducive approach and deductive approach.Inductive ApproachIn inductive approach, the researcher would collect the data and develop and theory with the result of data digest. According to Saunders et al. (2007), the following are the features of inductive app roach.Gaining an understanding of meanings human attach to eventsA close understanding of research contextA collection of qualitative dataA more flexible structure to permit changes of research emphasis as research progressesA realisation that the researcher is part of the research processLess concern with need to generaliseDeductive approachDeductive approach method is the way of testing a theory. The researcher will develop a theory and suitable shot. The research strategy is the developed to test the venture that is developed.Roboson (2002) suggests a five-stage model through which the deductive stage will progressDeduct a guess from the theoryExpress the hypothesis in operational terms try the hypothesisExamine outcome of the inquiryModify theory in light of resultsResearch Approach for this researchThe researcher has chosen the deductive approach over the inductive approach for this research. In deductive approach for this research, an initial stage presents a general hypoth esis. This initial stage contains subsidiary data mentioned by various authors. This hypothesis is then time-tested using the data collection methods to answer the objectives.Research StrategyAccording to Saunders et al. (2007), sevensome different strategies can be used for a research. They are tasteSurveyCase studyAction researchGrounded theorydescriptive anthropologyArchival researchThe strategy that has to be used can be chosen depending on research questions and objectives, research time and other resources that are available. (Saunders et al., 2007) The most feasible solution for this dissertation is the horizon method. The survey method is associated with deductive approach. It allows the collection of a large amount of data from salubrious cosmos in highly economical way. Utilising the questionnaire, data can be convertible allowing easy compilation. It is withal a cheap option for the researcher. The survey strategy overly allows collecting quantitative data, which can be analysed using descriptive tactics. The survey strategy utilises the designing and piloting of data collection method to ensure a good response rate.In the vitrine of this dissertation, the researcher plans to distribute questionnaire among the customers and thus do the survey for this dissertation. This will be handed out by the researcher himself which adds to the cheapness of the survey. The researcher is alike planning to do two mini focus convocation audiences among the customers. sounding at all these options, the researcher feels that conducting a survey will be the best way to collect data for this research.Research choiceAccording to Saunders et al. (2007), the two main methods of data collection are quantitative data collection and qualitative data collection. Qualitative data that is used in research would be usually a non-numerical data. It has open-ended information. Ex sizeable Pictures or video clips. Quantitative data that is used in data would be numeric al data consisting of graphs or statistics. It includes close-ended information such as attitude, behaviour of performance instruments. ( behind and Vicki, 2007).Saunders et al. (2007, p 146)Saunders et al. (2007) mentions that the researcher can use used some(prenominal) qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. This is known as immix method of data collection. Both these could be done at the alike time or one after the other, but the methods cannot be combined.John and Vicki (2007) argue that the weakness of both quantitative and qualitative methods can be overcome by using both the methods. If we use mixed methods, different methods like interview and questionnaire can be used for the study. They also state that mixed method research provides more comprehensive evidence for study a research question than using just one method of data analysis. This was also mentioned as the most practical method since the researcher is free to use all the methods to address the pr oblem.In the context of this research, the researcher used a combination of both quantitative and qualitative data techniques to call up the data. The quantitative data is analysed with the back up of questionnaires and the qualitative data is analysed with the assistant of interviews. The attitudes and impulse buying behaviour and perception of customers can be canvas using the questionnaire surveys. For the qualitative data analysis, two mini focus groupings consisting of three members each will be conducted by the researcher. The researcher will use the respondents observation and researchers observation to conclude his findings. In short, the researcher uses mixed method of data analysis to generalise the findings.Time HorizonAccording to Saunders et al. (2007), time horizons are take for the research design independent of the research methodology used. There are two types of time horizons namely longitudinal and Cross-sectioned. Longitudinal studies are repeated over an extended period. Cross sectional studies are hold to a specific time frame. This research is also limited to a specific time frame and hence the cross sectional time horizon is used.Data Collection MethodsThere are two types of data involved with this research. The first one is prime data and the second type is utility(prenominal) data. The secondary coil data contains the literature review, which is the view by various authors about the topic. The uncreated data which is unruffled to prove the hypothesis presented which is collected using secondary data. According to Saunders et al. (2007), the secondary data whitethorn not match the ineluctably of new research aggregations and definitions may also be unsuitable, there for to resolve this primary data has been employed to answer the nature of the problem and test the hypothesis. In other words, the secondary data is the data that is collected for some other purpose while the primary data is collected specifically for this re search.Secondary dataAccording to Saunders et al. (2007), the secondary data consists of both quantitative and qualitative data. It contains both raw data and published data. Bryman and Bell (2007) stated that it could provide an answer to the research question. They also mentioned about the benefits of collecting secondary data. It helps us structuring ideas, developing new concepts, exsert new directions to data, sketch population and organise provide approach to the research.Saunders et al. (2007) also mentions that the secondary data should be viewed with the alike(p) caution that we view the primary data. The researcher needs to make sure that it will be able to answer the research question and meet his objectives.For this research, the researcher gathered the secondary data from journal articles and textbooks. The journals were electronically collected from the Emerald Insight (http//www. emeraldnisight.com) and Business source complete. The researcher also referred many bo oks and magazines. Books provided the foundation for the topic and for the research methods. The journals helped to make an insight from various authors that discussed about this topic. Magazines helped to find the current situations related to the topic. primary feather dataPrimary data is collected for the completion of this research. It is the data collected from the survey and we do not have any previous results for this data. There are two categories of data collection available. One of them is quantitative data collection and the second is the qualitative data collection.Qualitative dataThe data that is non-numerical and that cannot be quantified is known as qualitative data. Saunders et al. (2007) mentions that the use of interviews can help the researcher to gather valid and reliable data that are pertinent to his/her research.There interviews are mainly categorised into two namely standardised and Non-standardised interviews. Standardised interviews will have interview-ad ministered questions where as the other one does not have that. Under non-standardised interviews, there are two categories. They are one-to-one and one-to-many. The one-to-one is further categorised into face-to-face, telephone and internet/intranet based interviews. The one-to-many interviews are of two kinds group interviews and internet/intranet based group interviews. This kind of group interviews come under a category called focus group interviews.(Saunders et al. (2007) p 313)This research will be using the aid of focus group interviews. The focus group method is a form of group interview in which there are several participants, there is an emphasis on questioning on a tightly defined topic and the accent is upon interaction at bottom the group and the joint construction of meaning. (Bryman and Bell, 2007) The main indication of this interview is, it involves more than one interviewee and typically contains four to twelve members. According to Cooper and Schindler (2001), the two advantages of using focus group interview are to get a depth understanding and it is a chance to bring out reactions to the research question in an open-ended group setting.For this research, the researcher conducts two mini focus group interviews. These interviews are used to increase the probably of the research and to form a background for the questionnaire design. The critical analysis of the focus group interviews helped the researcher to critically analyse the sales promotion and its impact on impulse purchasing behaviour of the participants. The researcher was able to find two groups of respondents who were willing to give the focus group interview. These groups contained both antheral and female participants, with the age group between 15 and 30.The interviewees were asked questions about the sales promotional activities in the store. They were also asked about the factors that imply them to buy things impetuously and if price promotions affect the impulse purcha se. The mini focus interviews helped the researcher in questionnaire design by exploring the responses of exemplar population to analytically test the hypothesis using quantitative data. The response from the interviewees pulled out the conclusions that sales promotions play an cardinal role in impulse buying behaviour of consumers.Quantitative dataThe quantitative data is analysed using survey method. For this research, the researcher uses, questionnaire for the survey method. Saunders et al. (2007) mentions that a questionnaire includes all techniques of data collection in which each person is asked to respond to the same set of questions in a predetermined order. They also mention that it is one of the most widely used data collection within the survey strategy.The questionnaires are used in the research as it permits spry and honest responses from a respondent than interviews. This sort of response is required for extracting information such as personal information. The biasn ess that is likely to occur by the difference in phrasing questions to different respondents is also eliminated by using questionnaire. The convenience, availability of resources in terms of time and cost and ease of automating data inlet makes questionnaire the best choice for quantitative data analysis.According to Saunders et al. (2007), various factors affect choosing the questionnaire for a research. They areThe characteristics of the respondents to whom the researcher wish to collect the information.Importance of reaching a particular person as respondentSize of the sample required by the researcher for the analysisImportance of the responders answers not cosmos contaminated or distortedThe type of question that the researcher needs to collect the dataThe number of questions that the researcher needs to ask to collect the dataThere are two types of questionnaires namely self-administered questionnaire and interview administered questionnaire. Self-administered questionnaire is used in this research because of its advantage that it can be completed without the front man of the researcher. This is supported by Brace (2004) that the absence of the researcher makes the respondent to be honest and the respondent gets adequacy time to answer the questions.One grave thing that needs to be noted is the language used in the questionnaire. A transparent language is usually preferred than using technological jargons. Bruce (2004) mentions that double barrelled questions and jargon must be avoided in order to reduce confusion among both partiesBryman and Bell (2007) mentions that piloting a questionnaire should be an integral part of the process. Piloting is the process by which the questionnaire is revised and tested until the researcher and clients are happy. It helps the researcher to improve the quality of questionnaire and its efficiency in assembling data. A pilot test was conducted among five MBA International students to bear out the questionnaire. Based on their feedback, necessary amendments were made to the questions.Table 2 Questionnaire interpretationSl. noCharacteristicsQuestions1Collects the demographic information from respondentsQ1,Q2,Q32Identifies the shopping inside information like frequency and average spendingQ4, Q53.Identifies the sales promotional activities in the storeQ6,Q7,4Identifies consumers impulse buying behaviour and factorsQ9,Q10,115.Identifies if price promotion affects impulse purchaseQ12,Q13,Q14,Q15The researcher distributed the questionnaires in Tesco retail store, Parnell Street, Dublin-Ireland. The researcher ensured that the consumers got enough time to complete the questionnaire. This researcher did not give any hints to answer the questions and this helped the respondent to honestly answer the questions. The researcher used an online tool called Surveymonkey for the data analysis (www.surveymonkey.com). The response and the scales used are mentioned in the data analysis chapterPopulation and takeAccording to Cooper and Schindler (2008), a population is the union collection of elements about which we wish to make some inferences. They also mentioned that to sop up the conclusion about the entire population, some of the elements of the population are to be selected and this process is called sampling.Saunders et al. (2007) mentions sampling technique provides a range of methods that enable to reduce the amount of data that is needed for consideration. They further mention that this is an alternative to the count method. They provide alternative whenIt would be impractical for the researcher to survey the entire populationThe budget constraints prevent researcher from surveying the entire populationThe time constraints prevents the researcher from surveying the entire populationResults are needed quicklyMayolor and Blackmon (2005), mentions that sampling frame facilitates, conclusion making about the societal units that have been selecting units that are representati ve of the population.Saunders et al. (2007) classifies the sampling techniques into probability sampling Non-probability sampling. In probability sampling, the probability of each case beingness selected from the population is the same for all cases, where as in non-probability sampling, the probability of case being selected is being unknown.Cooper and Schindler (2008), argues that, if the non-probability sampling is feasible, if the tot up population for the study is unknown. In this case, the population are the customers of Tesco, Parnell Street, Dublin. Non-probability sampling is further divided into five typesQuota Samplinggoal-directed samplingSnowball samplingSelf selection sampling widget samplingThis research focuses on impact of sales promotion on impulse purchase and consumer loyalty. In this research, the quota sampling is found to be more appropriate for the sampling. Saunders et al., (2007) confirms that with the help of quota sampling, population could be divided i nto specific groups. This helps in calculating a quota for each group based on appropriate and obtainable data.According to Barnett (1991), cited by Saunders et al. (2007), quota sampling is entirely non-random and is normally used for interview surveys. It is based on the premise that the sample will represent the population, as the variability in the sample for various quota variables is the same as that of the population.For this research, the population is categorises into specific groups. Appropriate estimate from each group is prompt to distinguish the quota based on reliable data. Each interviewer will be analysed and the data will be collected from each quota. The data that is collected are then united to obtain a full sample. The researcher selected the quotas according to the age group and gender. The customers were selected by the respondent randomly first. The researcher then checked the respondents criteria of the age group and selected the people he wanted.Sampling Fr ameThe frame elements in the population are called the sampling frame. Saunders et al. (2007) states that the large the samples size, the lower the likely actus reus in generalising to the population. Hence, suitable sample should be governed byThe confidence required in the dataMargin of misunderstanding that can be toleratedTypes of analysis that needs to be undertakenSize of the total populationThe sampling frame in this research includes the customers in the grocery section in Tesco, Parnell Street. The sampling size, frame and population are defined as followsSampling Size 100Elements Customers of Tesco, Parnell StreetUnits Grocery section in Tesco Parnell StreetExtents Dublin, IrelandSampling Technique Non-probability sampling (quota sampling)Sampling erroneousness 5%Time May 2010-Aug-2010The quotas and total sample size are given below AGE GROUP MALE FEMALE 15-30 25 25 31-50 15 15 51 and above 10 10 TOTAL POPULATION = 100Time constraint was the main reason for the researc her to select a small population. The researcher ensured that the researcher were ensured ample time to complete the questionnaire. The researcher made sure that the questionnaire had a simple design with no technical jargons used which would have confused people otherwise. The researcher plans to distribute the questions to 100 people and expects a sampling error of 5%. Since it is a self-administered questionnaire, the researcher expects good response from the respondents.

Bharti AIRTEL Case Study

Bharti AIRTEL cause StudyBharti Airtel is a public limited federation roughhewnly known as AIRTEL .it is a Indian telecom participation which is currently operating its business crossways south Asia, Africa and channel islands, it is overly into the GSM providing business in entirely the countries including 2G3G services. Due to its operations in 19 countries, Airtel is now the 5th largest telecom operator in the world with over207.8 trillion subscribers at the end of 2010. It is the largest cellular service provider in India with over153 trillion subscribers, behind china mobile and china Unicom Airtel is the third largest operator by subscriber base.TYPE publicINDUSTRY telecommunicationFOUNDED 7 JULY 1995 join Sunil Bharti mittalHEADQUATER New DelhiAREA SERVED South Asia, Africa, Channel IslandSERVICES Mobile netWirelessLandlineBroadbandSatellite televisionREVENUE 9.290 billionOPERATING INCOME 2.313 billionPROFITS 2.079 billionTOATAL ASSESTS 15.527 billionTOTAL right 9.491 billionEMPLOYEES 24,501PARENT Bharti Enterprise (63.45%)SingTel (32.15%)Vodafone (4.4%)WEBSITE airtel .comBOARD OF DIRECTORSSunil Bharti MittalManoj Kohli JointAkhil GuptaChua Sock Koong burn Yong ChooNikesh AroraPulak Chandan PrasadLord Evan Mervyn DaviesH.E. Dr Salim Ahmad SalimTsun-yan HsiehRajan Bharti MittalRakesh Bharti MittalCraig EhrlichAjay LalBashir Abdulla CurrimjeeMauro SentinelliN.KumarH.R POLICIES OF ORGANIZATIONStrategic human behavement basals formulating and carrying into action human pick policies and practices of the organization that produce the employee competencies and behaviours the community postulate to get its strategical aims. The strategic jut out implies certain role shove requirement, in monetary value of employee skills, attributes, and behaviours that HR mustiness deliver to enable the business to achieve its strategic goals.SERVICE RULEIn Airtel you ar an at leave behind employee, this mean you are works at your own entrust without any might or pressure, before you join the family you must sign terms and condition agreement that will state embodied governance of the company that must be followed by all employees, in violation of the agreement, it tail end lead to termination of the employment.Employees must report to their superior and maintain corrective work.All employees will be paid monthly by curb procedure.In case of leave employees must draft a detail practise mentioning the reason for leave.Lunch break of 1 hr will be providedCamera monitoring will be done to taking into custody the fair work of the employee.PROMOTION POLICY RULEA polity under which employee gets promotion in the organization which is a reward for fantabulous exertion. prevalently to be eligible for promotion a employee must go with successfully completed 6 months of employment in Airtel .Internal application process is being carried out and previous records are harmoniseed and functioning is analysed.Fur ther written attempt and interviews are done for promotion process. pursue STRUCTUREThe internal dealinghip between different jobs and wages helps the blind drunk to decide its wage structure.60% of Employees in Airtel are on variable quantity acquit structure which means they are paid according to their work done.At AIRTEL strong redeem for act culture maintains the internal equity.AIRTEL purport into consideration factors such(prenominal) as surgical operation and maintaining internal equity to determine people at same direct (in the organization hierarchy) and same performance are paid at the same level.EMPLOYESS MOTIVATION AND WELFARE SCHEMES motivating is an effective tool for inspiring the workforce and creating confidence among the employees.The work force will be satisfied if management provides them with opportunities to fulfil their physiological and mental needs. The workers will cooperate voluntarily with management and will contribute upper limit to organiz ational goal.The rates of labour turnover and absenteeism among workers will be low.thither will be good human relations in the formation as friction among the workers themselves and between the workers and management will decrease.AIRTEL always promotes motivation by rewarding the talent through a TOTAL REWARDS APPROACH, performance bonuses, guaranteed cash and also stock option.Tremendous growth in move opportunities farms life at AIRTEL exciting and encouraging towards performance.Motivation tools like on job grooming, involvement in divulge projects, monitoring platforms and exposure crosswise various businesses, AIRTEL offers all its employees, guaranteed job satisfaction resulting in a match Employee Proposition.Family friendly work options Flexible prison term system, telecommuting , part epoch options.Maternity/ post natal benefits 12 weeks maternity leave, leave extendible up to 6 months, flexi work location, flexi /part cadence options.Revised sabbatical leave p olicy Allows for time off for enhancing education up to 1 category psycheal exigencies limited to half yearly.Travel policy revise Includes two additional safety norms for women employees.Employee referral policy Enhanced monetary benefits for referring women employees across all levels.Mentoring program Initiated for high potential middle management women employees mentoring by senior women supervisor.HEALTH SAFETY RULESAll employees have to submit a medical certificate mentioning the physical and psychological fitness.Regular medical check up promotion is done by the AIRTEL group.Suppliers dealing with Bharti Airtel shall comply and stick to to all laws, regulations and guidelines on environment, wellness and safety.Suppliers will ensure that all saucy service offerings as well as current product designs are in compliance with the relevant environmental regulation and guidelines, at the time of implementation at Bharti Airtel.TRAINNING AND DEVELOPMENTVast pool of human res ource time to time upgraded in terms of leadership and technical skills through various outsourced and in syndicate training development activities such as process and project management skills and technical skills.By providing world bod resources and combined efforts by AIRTEL many employees are being trained and authentic to become future leaders .The companys HR is continuously working on launching various initiatives like on job training, apprenticeship training, programmed attainment, simulated development, calculator base training.AIRTEL also believes in internet based training which includesTeletrainingVideoconferencing exploitation initiative by the company is directed by job gyration in which a management trainee moves department to department for overall skill in organisation.Case study method is also adopted by AIRTEL.Outside seminars are arranged for both employees and employer.(b) Identify any 3 Jobs (one each at Entry Level, Middle Level and Senior Level) in sp ite of appearance that chosen company.Entry level- gross revenue executive (broadband)Middle level- sphere of influence theatre director (sales)Senior level- General Manager ( new-fangled business development) blood line DESCRIPTION JOB SPECIFICATIONJob description- A list of a jobs duties, responsibilities, reporting relationship, working conditions, and supervisory responsibilities.Job specifications- A list of a jobs human requirements, that is, the requisite education, skills, personality, and so on.Job descriptionSales executive- main aim is to swop broadband connections to the multinational potful.Cultivate new broadband customers.Briefing the new product regarding broadband to customerField survey to gather new demand preference in the marketJob specification set about 1 to 2 years kettle of fish Ncr/ DelhiCompensation Rupees 65000 1,22,000Education UG GRADUATE, whatsoever SPECIALIZATION, PGDM in any areaIndustry Type Retail social function Sales Exec./Officer func tional Area Sales,Job descriptionArea manager- Achieve targeted net adds for all products (voice prepaid/post-paid, data, VAS etc), ensuring choice, across all available sales channels (Distribution, Retail) / CS in the area surenessAchieve channel infrastructure enhancement targets.Achieve revenue sales target across all products and channels of organisationManage changes in , organization, trends, people to ensure quality satisfaction with continuity and smooth operationsCoaching, monitoring, mentoring and retention of team memberJob specificationExperience 9 12 YearsLocation Ncr / delhiEducation UG Graduate Any differentiation PG Course good communication skillsIndustry Type Telecom/ISP berth Area ManagerFunctional Area Sales,Job descriptionGeneral manager- To formulate new business development strategies identifying new business opportunities.To manage the IT sector within the organization.Mange the corporate affairs with other multinational corporationBuilding strong connections with business partners.Strategy and Implementation of All bloodline SLAs Managing client SLAs for operationsTransition management account growthCross-functional quislingism to enhance performance better strategies.Workflow Management, Hiring support capacity be afterSetting-up and managing operational practicesIdentify opportunity areas and implement the process for more improved strategiesJob specificationExperience 14 20 YearsLocation NCR/ delhiEducation UG Graduate Any Specialization PGDM/MBA Any specialization , gauzy communication skillsIndustry Type telecomRole Head//GM-OperationsFunctional Area IT, research development.DETAILED RECRUITMENT AND STAFFING PROCEDUREAIRTEL HIRING PROCESSAPPLICATIONSIn AIRTEL existing opening are monitored and accordingly position procedure are being carried out matching candidates profile and area of interest.SCREENING twin(a) of the profile is done by the company with respect to its requirements and needs.ASSESMENTAn aptit ude test is required for the job of front line sales.For considering the middle and senior level job occupational personality questionnaire done.INTERVIEWAirtel takes 1-3 rounds of interview process.VERIFICATIONIn case of utmost selection credentials are being corroborate by the company before joining of the candidate. After this process final appointment letter is being offered with companys terms condition memo, that every employee must sign.COMPENSATION PATTERN INCENTIVES AND BENEFITSAIRTEL FOLLOWSperformance and pay policyIncentive pay scheme- managers often use two terms synonymously incentive plan for the employees, that is applicable to sales over the target achieved.As discussed earlier 60% of the AIRTEL employees are on variable pay that ties to pay to productivity or bring inability in one time lump sum.Merit pay as in incentive is generally done by the company for excellent performance by employee in last term of his/her employmentAIRTEL also provides NON- MONETARY in centives which includesEmployee recognitionGift certificatesSpecial eventsMerchandise incentives complete training programsCommission planBENEFITSBenefits are indirect fiscal and non financial payments employees receive for continuing their employment. They include things like health and life insurance, pensions, time off with pay, and child care assistance.DISCRETIONARY BENEFITS PROVIDED BY AIRTEL EMPLOYERLife and health insurance for family and dependentsHousing, subsidiary on housing loans subsidiary ,conveyance allowance, telephone and sport allowance, recreational benefits like health clubs and hobby classes, soft loans for asset building. diverse types of leaves like study leave, extraordinary leave.Executive perquisites like chauffeur operate car, petrol allowance, and family holidays.Pay for time not worked benefits for time not worked such as unemployment insurance, vacation, and holiday pay, and sick pay.EFFECTIVE breeding AND METHODOLOGIESAIRTEL EFFECTIVE TRAINING ME THODSFor effective training five steps are followedThe first, or needs analysis step, identifies the specific job performance skills needed, assesses the prospective trainees skilled and develops specific, measured knowledge and performance objective based on any deficiencies.In the second step tuitional design, you decide on, compile, and produce the training program content, including workbooks, exercise and activities.There may be a third ecesis step, in which the bugs are worked out of the training program by presenting it to a small representative audience.The fourth step is to implement the program, by tangible training the targeted employee group.Fifth is the evaluation step, I which management assesses the programs successes or failures.METHODOLOGIES espouse BY AIRTELOn job training means having a person learn a job actually doing it. Every employee from mailroom clerk to chief operating officer gets on job training when he or she joins the company.In globe learning a fter a survey done by AIRTEL it was discovered that 80% of the employees learn on the job they learn not through formal training program but through informal means, including performing their jobs on a daily basis in collaboration with their colleagues.Job instruction training program takes place every month in AIRTEL in which logical sequence of steps are best taught step by step.On quarterly basis programmed learning is followed by AIRTEL in which ego learning methods that consist ofPresenting questions, facts, or problems to learnerAllowing the person to respondProviding feedback on the accuracy of answers.OTHER MODEL METHODOLOGIESComputer base training earnings based trainingOrganizing virtual classroomResearch methodCase study methodsUniversity-related programsRole playingBehaviour modellingIn house development centreSUITABLE PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMPerformance management- a process that consolidates goal setting, performance appraisal, and development into a single, com mon system, the aim of which is to ensure that the employees performance is supporting the companys strategic aim.In AIRTEL performance management system is by the process of planning, monitoring, developing, rating, and rewarding.AIRTEL also focuses on its key result areas (KRA) for better management.AIRTEL performance appraisal includeInformal canvassFormal reviewIDPAppraisal review andAppeal.CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONSBharti AIRTEL is doing exceptionally well in recent times it is expected with same quality services in the present scenario it will overtake china Unicom in few years making it the world leader in telecommunication. entryway in African and Channel Island indicates it desire for expansion and to become globally known company, with the same pace it might also enter in other continent to increase its global market share.Good relations with business support partners like Ericsson, Siemens networks and IBM makes its outsourcing quit wellCompanys profit and assets a re increasing good rate, it is expected in year 2020 it will cross 3.09 billion turnovers.AIRTEL strong HR policies help in maintaining its corporate governance structure.AIRTEL can enter into the mobile market in India as demand is at its peak.Better customer schemes support services would make AIRTEL to capture the competitor market.

Modelling Of 3 Phase Transmission Line Engineering Essay

perplexling Of 3 manakin transmittance nisus Engineering Essay transmittance disembowel is a intermediate to extend galvanising nix from oneness place to some other for long outgos with the aim is to reduce and economically. potential drop, current, motive and top executive factor ar the main point must be enumerateed at the s hold oning end and receiving end. Typically, in Malaysia the overhead contagion identify was utilize be comelyness cost and c atomic number 18 sens be handle easily. As we know, the transmitting bankers billage maturated eminent military unit of galvanical and magnetic knit stitch to a starter place the tower. establish on that, this check will sit downing transmittance eminence utilise mortal grammatical constituent mode (FEM) boil down on level potential 275kV. The issuance of simulation of the contagion epithelial duct model will analyze electric and magnetic plain stitch under contagious disease confines towe r.2.0 Problem controlIt is well known understand that the transmittal creese for 275kV produced high strength of electric and magnetic field under the tower. In other interchange, the field strength of electric field may create higher pains to the tower that may also tend to create high risk of infection to the tower as well as to the insulator to be used. another(prenominal) issue is how much tendency of magnetic field to be answer to the human and environment has be identified wisely. However, the certain measurement under 275kV transmitting flexure tower may give high risk. Therefore, the vanquish idea is to carry out the teaching as mention in a higher place is by performing simulation study.3.0 ObjectiveTo soak up the 275kV contagion take up specification.To model the 275kV Transmission eminence using limited Element manner (FEM)To simulate the 275kV Transmission striving using Finite Element system (FEM)To analyze the electric magnetic field showd by the 275kV Transmission Line model4.0 ScopeThe scope of this bewilder atomic number 18 -Specification is base on TenagaNasionalBerhad (TNB) 275kV Transmission Line.Transmission Line modelling using Finite Element order (FEM) softw be product.5.0 Literature survey and project backgroundAnelectric power carcassis a ne iirk of electrical components used to supply, transmit and use electric power. The main parts of electric power ashes be coevals, contagious disease system, distri moreoverion system and load. At generation part, to generate an electrical energy on large scale, energy must be generate from the various sources energy such as oil, natural gas pedal and other. Then, the contagious disease system transmit or carries current that generate from generation and distribution system feeds electric to load such as consumer and industry. This project will discuss further about transmittal line system.15.1 Transmission LineTransmission line or power line ar grave part in po wer network. former(a) than that, found on theory, transmission line also croupe be describe as propagation of electric waves along the transmission line. There are many a(prenominal) factor must claim to material body transmission line. Such as transmission voltage level, types of tower, environment and others. The transmission line also dejection be constructed in two ways, overhead transmission line and pipe transmission line.5.1.1 Underground Transmission LineIn underground system, the demarcation must be selective because all theater director must be insulated in this system. Therefore, the voltage level for this system will below 66kV cause difficult to find insulation for high voltage. Underground transmission line usually use at crowded areas because the cable used best-loved compare with overhead use bare conductor not worthy at that areas.15.1.2 Overhead Transmission LineOverhead transmission line usually use for transmit electric for over long surmounts. In thi s system, set amid the tower and the conductor are very important cause to avoid an electric discharge amidst the conductors. The appropriate spacing between the conductor will produce insulation between them. This system also expose to fault such as gyp circuit, respite of line and lightening. But it easy to troubleshoot and repair compare to underground transmission line. However, it difficult to find exact point of fault cause transmission line are very long. Other than that, between the tower and the conductor must have insulation to make the transmission more pencil eraser when do it maintenance. 15.2 Types of Transmission LineTransmission line be apart(p) two part AC transmission line voltage and towering Voltage DC transmission line (HVDC).5.2.1 High Voltage DC Transmission LineThe main factor affecting the cost of energy increases is the process of transmission lines to transmit the power to the load away from power generation. To overcome this issue that is usually do AC transmission line is using HVDC transmission line.The HVDC transmission line requires conversion at two ends, from AC to DC at the sending end and back to AC at the receiving end. The converter are static using high power thyristors connected in series to give the required voltage ratings. The physiologic process of conversion is such that the same station can displacement from rectifier to inverter by simple control action, thus facilitating power reversal.2 mannequin 5.2.1 strain of be with line length4 reckon above show the variation of costs of transmission line with distance for AC and DC transmission. establish on figure, before break even distance, cost of AC transmission is reasonable and economical than DC transmission. in the first place the break even distance point, the distance is about 500 to 800 km, so after that point or durable distance HVDC transmission line more economical than AC transmission.25.2.2 AC Transmission LineTransmission line also can b e classified into cardinal types such as dead transmission line, medium transmission line and long transmission line. For short transmission a length less than 80km, medium transmission between 80km until 240km and long transmission have length more 240km. Normally, the power grids also have three level of voltage High voltage (HV), medium voltage (MV) and low voltage (LV). In Malaysia, based on fact from Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB), AC transmission line have standard voltage called National Grid. Below are standard voltage of AC transmission line-i) 132kVii) 275kViii) 500kV5.3 Modelling Transmission LineFor this project focus on 275kV transmission line modelling. in advance go through below some daybook refer to this project.Based on journal titled Modelling and Analysing of a 275kV HVAC Transmission Line for Power System Transient Studies written by M. Z. A. Ab Kadir and C. Y Jay. In this journal, it discuss the efficiency and power losings of transmission line via the concep t of travelling wave. This case study had be done at Kampung Awah- Paka, Terengganu. This root was model transmission line using PSCAD/EMTDC computer package which they call for analyze the efficiency between the frequency open model and PI-section model.Before design or model transmission line on simulation, this authorship had consider three important literary argument such as series resistance, series inductance and shunt capacitor. Based on tower data below, this paper obtained the parametric quantity such as resistance, inductance and capacitance via calculation. From the information are given, Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) such as skirt 1, design PI-section model.Line shout outKAWA-PAKATower typeSystemVoltageFrequencyLine lengthConductor diameterBundle spacingGround to conductor tipHorizontal spacingVertical spacingDouble circuit fretworkThree phase275kV50Hz160km24.16mm400mm126307300mm13000mm postpone 5.3 Parameter of 275kV KAWA-PAKA lattice tower1After consider all parameter, this paper construct design PI-section model using PSCAD/EMTDC software for 160km an overhead transmission line. To model 160km an overhead transmission line, this paper used eight identical pi-sections are connected series which each PI-section wreak 20km of transmission line. By terminating the hurry resistor at the end of transmission line, the efficiency can be measure.Figure 5.3.1 Line surge resistance using PI-section model 1For the frequency dependent model, this project used it as a reference cause it is the most accurate model. From this model also, we can learn the transient or harmonic behaviour of a line. Figure 2 show frequency dependent model.Figure 5.3.2 Line surge impedance using frequency dependent model1Both model are carried out using three different test such as, short circuit test, open circuit test and line surge impedance test. Line surge impedance test is a real line with minimum losses and both other are used to launch the behaviour of the travelling wave.SectionModel% differencesPi-sectionFreq. subordinatePi-sectionFreq. Dependent12345678273.59272.72271.87271.04270.24269.69268.69267.95272.97271.28269.32267.10264.63263.55263.01262.220.330.650.961.261.551.842.112.380.561.171.882.693.593.984.184.47Table 5.4 Summary of Pi-section and Frequency dependent modelResult of outturn voltage of each 20km section are summarized in Table above. From the Table, emergence of this project show the output voltage of Pi-section model and Frequency Dependent model are approximately same. In the real transmission line system, we expect voltage level before step up or step down at substation are maintain. Based on Table above, compare the output voltage of the Frequency dependent low than Pi section because the frequency dependent model consider all losses such as hysteresis, corona effect, eddy current losses in nearby ferromagnetic materials and induced losses in nearby short circuited non ferromagnetic material while Pi-section mod el only consider proximity effect and skin effect. Conclude from that, the efficiency both model are acceptable and approximately same. An efficiency percentage for Pi-section model is 97.6% and Frequency dependent model 95.5%. This project successful in modelled Pi-section model using PSCAD/EDMTC software and analyzed by compare with Frequency dependent model.3Second journal titled Power Flow Assesment in Transmission Lines using Simulink Model with UPFC written by Ch. Chengajah and R. V. S.Satyanarayana. This paper discuss about the performance of a single and double transmission line system (6.6/22)kV using UPFC or without UPFC model. UPFC is a co-ordinated Power Flow ascendancy which it can cleanse capability of power transfer or in other word to provide comprehensive control of power flow in transmission system.4This paper model the transmission line using Simulink to connected with UPFC model. Figure below show the transmission line model with UPFC turn by using Simulink. From the figure show the double circuit 22kV and 6.6kV interconnected with UPFC model. UPFC device function to control voltage visibility as the real and excited power in the transmission line.4Figure5.3.2 Transmission line model with UPFC device4Table below show the result of power flow and voltage profile transmission line model with UPFC and without UPFC.Parameter6.6kV Line22kV LineWithout UPFCWith UPFCWithout UPFCWith UPFCVoltage magnitude(kV)2.9262.9619.7545.162Real Power(MW)0.2740.2813.0500.854Reactive Power(Mvar)0.2050.2102.2800.639Table 5.5 Result power flow and voltage profile4Based on table above, this paper compare three parameter such as voltage magnitude, real power and reactive power. From that, an benefit can see for both transmission line when interconnect with UPFC. From that, this paper suggest mitigatement in transmission line system.45.5 SummaryBased on both journal discussed different step to model transmission line. For first journal, using PSCAD software, the paper make comparison efficiency between PI-section model and Frequency Dependent model. The paper construct by consider parameter such as resistance, inductance and capacitor to model transmission line. Then, PI-section model had been construct which each PI-model represent 20km. The simulation had be done not like real transmission line system but result at end of experiment approximately same.Figure 5.3.1 Line surge impedance using PI-section model 3For second journal, it use MATLAB/SIMULINK software to model transmission line. This paper discuss about function Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) in transmission system to improve voltage and power profile. This paper also consider value parameter such as resistance, inductance and capacitor to construct the model.Figure 5.5 22kV Transmission Line Simulink Model2Figure 5.5 above show example 22kV transmission line simulink model. At this end of this paper show result comparison between transmission line system with and withou t Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC).Therefore, this project propose to use Finite Element method acting(FEM) to model transmission line. This project will model transmission line like a real transmission line using specification Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB). This project focus on 275kV HVAC transmission line and will model like real tower for 275kV transmission line. Besides that, significant of this project also can see electric and magnetic field at transmission line. From that, this project analyze further about effect electric field and magnetic field to human and environment.6.0 MethodologyStart consume the 275kV Transmission Line specification.Model the 275kV Transmission Line using Finite Element Method (FEM)Troubleshooting simulationSimulate the 275kV Transmission Line using Finite Element Method (FEM)Results Electric field and magnetic fieldAnalyze the electric magnetic field generated by the 275kV Transmission Line model finaleFigure 6.0 Flow chart of Final Year Proje ct6.1 Collect the 275kV Transmission Line specification.In this process, the specification of data of 275kV tower in Malaysia is needed to be collect from TNB (Tenaga Nasional Berhad). The data that need to be collect is the tower height from ground level, the distance between phase to ground, the distance between phase to phase, and distance between ground wire to phase. Other than that, types and size conductor that used for 275kV also need to collect.6.2 Model the 275kV Transmission Line using Finite Element Method (FEM)Based on data collection, model transmission lines tower with the conductor such as specification that used by TNB using Finite Element Method (FEM).6.3 Simulate the 275kV Transmission Line using Finite Element Method (FEM).For this step, simulate the model transmission line 275kV that construct before using Finite Element Method (FEM).6.4 Results Electric field and magnetic fieldThe expected result are to modelling transmission lines using bare-ass method using FEM. Other than that, this project also expected to produce electric field and magnetic field at transmission lines from one point to next point.6.5 Analyze the electric magnetic field generated by the 275kV Transmission LineAnalyze the electric magnetic field around transmission line 275kV model based on display from simulation.7.0 expect Results/BenefitThe result of this project should be able to design transmission line model using Finite Element Method (FEM) where the model must satisfied 275kV transmission line specification from Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB). The model are include electric field and magnetic field. From that, analyze the result based on electric field and magnetic field around the transmission line model. This project will develop in the buff method and new software to model transmission line with electric field and magnetic field by using Finite Element Method (FEM) from ANSYS Maxwell.8.0 Milestones lineDate expectationComplete literature review on the desi gn of Three Phase Transmission Line including the characteristic needed in design modeling.Nov 2012Complete search and collect data of 275kV transmission lineJan 2013Complete analyze the function of Finite Element Method to number the magnetic field and electric field.March 2013Complete design optimisationApril 2013Complete testing model with different parameter and analyze may 2013Final report writing (including paper/journal writing) and presentationJune 2013

MAMLD1 Mutation and Phenotypes of Hypospadias

MAMLD1 Mutation and Phe nonypes of HypospadiasThe consanguinity amongst clinical pheno theatrical roles and variants of MAMLD1 in children with hypospadiasYong-fen Lv, Lu-lu Cui, declension Li*Department of Endocrinology, yarn-dyes Children Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong UniversityAcknowledgementsThe work was financi eachy supported by the key project of Shanghai municipal health bureau (2011111), spring chicken project of Shanghai municipal health bureaumajor pop subprojects of Shanghai science and technology commission (12411952408), Yangtze river delta research project of Shanghai science and technology commission (13495810300).AbstractPurpose To verify the relationship between clinical phenotypes of hypospadias and mutations of MAMLD1.Methods Seventy- dickens perseverings were diagnosed to be hypospadias in plane section of endocrinology and department of urinary surgery in our hospital. Among either the patients, 69 were with normal karyotype and enrolled as the analyze group. Fifty healthy boys were employed as the controls. Peripheral parentage were collected for DNA extraction. For the studied group, PCR primer was in cardinaltional and direct sequencing was performed for blanket for MAMLD1 mutations in hexad coding exons and the flanking sphere. Those mutated exons were examined for the control group.Results Thirty-five of in all the 72 patients (48.6 %) were isolated hypospadias. The other 37 cases (51.4%) were entangled by other genitourinary form malformations, including 12 cases with microphallus and/or under certain testicles. Abnormal karyotype was determine in 3 patients, and all were karyotype as 46, XX (SRY+ in 1 case and SRY- in 2 cases). Six types of MAMLD1 mutations were detected in exon 2, 3, 5, 7 in studied group, including c.5AG (p.D2G), IVS4-364C/A, c.1910AGp.N637S), c.2208TC, c.2227 GA (p.E742K) and IVS8-144C/T. All were mavin nucleotide pleomorphism tho c.5AG (p.D2G), a newly discovered point mutation. The often ness of IVS4-364C/A was importantly distinct between patients and controls, and it was in like manner significantly different between patients with and without microphallus and/or develop testicles.Conclusion Chromosome brachydactylicity is not the track ca intake of other genitourinary system malformations complicated with hypospadias. Mutations of MAMLD1 whitethornbe fast related to hypospadias in Chinese. c.5AGp.D2Gis the newly discovered point mutation in this work. IVS4-364C/A is associated with underdeveloped testicles and/or micropenis in hypospadias patients. establishmentHypospadias is one of the nigh common congenital genitourinary system malformations in males, with incidence 11%. As one of the Juvenile-types of testicular dys elementsis syndrome,(1-3) the prevalence of hypospadias is obviously increasing in these years. From 1987 to 2001, the prevalence rate was doubly change magnitude in China.(4) Hypospadias will lead to different degrees of genital malformat ion, and the clinical phenotypes straggle when with other complications. For instance, besides the agentral signs of hypospadias, e.g., ectopic ureteral orifice, phallocampsis, redundant dorsal prepuce, etc, the patient may be also suffered from other malformations including penoscrotal trans rig, cryptorchidism, hydrocele, oblique inguinal hernia, micropenis and underdeveloped testicles. Hypospadias is a complicated disease due to various suffers. The causes of most cases are not able to be verified, especially for those mild cases. For these cases, environmental factors, endocrinal factors and abnormal gene expression may be the preeminent causes.(5)The sex differentiation of males is a continuous series of processes related on the balancing and interaction of various genes like SRY, WTl, ATF3, SF-1, etc. MAMLD1, which is previously called chromosome X open reading frame6 (Cxorf6), is the important candidate gene widely studied recently. This gene is located in Xq28,(6,7) wit h molecular length of 157898 bp and containing 8 exons, among which exon 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 are coding exons. MAMLD1 is initially detected in patients with X-linked myotubular myopathy. The fruitful systems of patients are normally developed with mutations in Myotubularin MTM-1, while different degrees of malformations go along in cases with deletion of MTM1 gene.(8-11) The subsequent experiments taperd that, for patients with 46, XY disorder of sex development (DSD), except MAMLD1, no other candidate genes were found in the deletion region. These results request that MAMLD1 is the perfect candidate gene for the study of 46, XY DSD, especially for hypospadias.This work aimed to approximate the mutations of MAMLD1 and clinical phenotypes in children with hypospadias in China, and thus to illustrate the role of MAMLD1 mutation in hypospadias.MethodsPatientsSeventy- 2 children with hypospadias admitted to Shanghai Childrens Hospital Affiliated to Jiaotong University from March 2011 to declination 2012 were enrolled in this study. Definite diagnosis was based on the clinical signs, and patients with adrenogenital syndrome were excluded with clinical examination.Clinical examinationClinical survey was performed including patients complain, present medical history, past medical history, personal history, family history, birth history, inducts medical history in pregnancy, previous exposure to environmental pollution, etc. Physical examination was performed to measure the hight, weight, heart rate, blood pressing and the status of gonad development, etc. For adolescent, the development of warrantary sexual characteristics was also assessed.Regular auxiliary examinations were performed including blood and urine routine test, biochemistry test, gonadal ductless gland level, adrenal cortex function and abdominal ultrasound exam, etc.Karyotype analytic thinking and detection of SRY geneLymphocytes were isolated from peripheral blood of patients, cultured and s meared on slides, and G-bands were produced by treatment with trypsin. Thirty split-phases were selected for each case, and karyotype analysis was performed according to ISCN-1995. SRY gene detection was performed for all the patients.Screening for MAMLD1 mutationsThe gene sequence of MAMLDI was obtained from National sharpen for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), which was the same as obtained from Ensembl Genome Browser NC_000023.10 (NCBI) versus ENSG00000013619 (Ensembl release 70-January 2013). Primers were designed for the coding exon 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 of MAMLD1. DNA extraction was performed using TIANamp line of merchandise DNA Kit (TIANGEN Biotech (Beijing) Co., Ltd, China) and purity test was done. Ploymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed with use of LONGgene A300 PCR and Premix Ex Taq Version2.0 (TaKaRa D332A), GC buffer (TaKaRa DRR20GC1) and rTag (TaKaRa DR001BM), 35 cycles of denaturation at 94 for 30 seconds,extension at 72 for 60 seconds. Mutations were identified in the six coding exons and flanking regions of MAMLD1, and those mutated exons were examined for the control group.Statistical analysisThe SPSS 18 software was employ for statistical evaluation. Chi-square test was used to compare the two groups, frequency of single nucleotide polymorphism between the two groups was canvas using pekan Exact test, and differences were considered statistically significant when the p-value was G (p.D2G), IVS4-364C/A (rs1209024), c.1910AG (p.N637S), c.2208TC, c.2227 GA (p.E742K, rs5925166) and IVS8-144C/T (rs658748). ii types of mutations were detected in exon 5 and 7 in all healthy controls, including c.1910 AG (p.N637S, rs2073043) and c.2208TC. Among all the mutations, c.5AG (p.D2G) was a newly discovered point mutation, others were all single nucleotide polymorphism. The studied group compared to the control group, the frequency analyzed by Fisher Exact test, the P value for IVS4-364C/A, c.1910AG (p.N637S), c.2208TC, c.2227 GA (p.E742K) and IVS8 -144C/T were 0.002, 0.638, 0.362, 1 and 0.509 respectively. Therefore, the frequency of IVS8-144C/T was significantly different between the two groups, and the frequency of the other 4 SNPs were not significantly different between the two groups.Relationship between mutations of MAMLD1 and clinical phenotypes of hypospadiasOne case with c.5AG (p.D2G) was isolated hypospadias, the urethral go-ahead position was located at the middle segment of penis. imputable to the limited hail of mutation cases, the prove size should be change magnitude to study the relationship between c.5AG (p.D2G) and phenotypes of hypospadias. Analyzed by Chi-squared test with Yates doggedness correction, the frequency of IVS4-364C/A was significantly different between patients with and without micropenis and/or underdeveloped testicles (p=0.001).DiscussionChromosome abnormalcy and karyotype change is one of the causes of hypospadias. Till now, ten types of chromosome abnormalities were confirmed involvi ng chromosome 1, 4, 6, 8, 11, 13 19, 20, 21, X, Y, etc. In the studied 72 patients, abnormal karyotype was identified in 3 patients, and all were karyotype as 46, XX (SRY+ in 1 case and SRY- in 2 cases). For these three patients, uterus and ovary were not found through the laparoscopic exploration. Therefore, they were diagnosed to be 46, XX male sex shiner syndrome. Karyotype analysis is important for hypospadias patients with sex reversal syndrome in exploring candidate gene and pathogenesis, in clinical diagnosis as well as in making therapeutic plan. However, there are only 3 cases with karyotype abnormality in the 72 patients studied, which means chromosome abnormality is not the leading cause of hypospadias.MAMLD1 is initially detected in patients with X-linked myotubular myopathy. The reproductive systems of patients are normally developed with mutations in Myotubularin MTM-1, while different degrees of malformations occur in cases with deletion of MTM1 gene.(8-11) neglect MAMLD1, no other candidate genes were found in the deletion region. These results indicate that MAMLD1 is the perfect candidate gene for the study of 46, XY DSD, especially for hypospadias.In the full treatment of Fukami et al., three nonsense mutations were detected, i.e., p.E124X, p.Q197X and p.R653X, in 4 XY DSD cases, involving micropenis and hypospadias with urethral enterprisingness position located on scrotum and the joint at penis and scrotum.(12) Kalfa et al. have studied the mutations of MAMLD1 in hypospadias patients and discovered 3 mutations, including p.V432A, p.E109fsX121 and P.531ins3Q, and they proposed that 10 percent of all the severe hypospadias cases was caused by mutations of MAMLD1.(13) In the study of Chen et al., three mutations of MAMLD1 were discovered, i.e., p.Q529K, p.D686D and noncoding region c.2065+8at, in 99 Swedish with hypospadias.(14) However, this is not the case in China. Qian et al. have studied the mutations of MAMLD1 in 100 cases of isolate d hypospadias,(15) where 200 healthy participants were willy-nilly selected as control. In their work, two point mutations, c.1699CT and c.1985AG, were detected and all were SNPs, and statistical analysis revealed that MAMLD1 is not the candidate gene for isolated hypospadias in China. The different results may be due to the different inclusion criteria of studied people between China and abroad, i.e., the studied populations of foreign works were mostly make up by hypospadias cases complicated by other genitourinary system malformations, including gonadal dysgenesis, while mostly isolated hypospadias cases were selected in the works of Chinese.In this study, a new point mutation c.5AG was detected in exon 2 of one patient, and this mutation was not found in controls. The mutation makes the second amino acid position, originally the hydrophilic negatively charged aspartic acid, substituted by a neutrally charged glycine. For various species, the second amino acid position in exon 2 of MAMLD1 is highly conserved, and analyzed via polyphen, the mutation c.5AG (p.D2G) of MAMLD1 is predicted to be probably damaging with a score of 0.996 from bombilateDiv and 0.993 from HunVar, which indicates that c.5AG (p.D2G) is highly related to hypospadias. screen predicts that the mutation can impinge on protein function, since there is no protein diversity on the site (supplementary figure 20). The case with c.5AG was isolated hypospadias, and the urethral opening was located in the middle segment of penis. A big sample size and the information of the exact protein function are required to unclutter whether c.5AG (p.D2G) of MAMLD1 is the cause of isolated hypospadias and its role in human sexual differentiation.The significant SNP detected in this work is the full mutation in introns crocked to exon 3, i.e., IVS4-364C/A (rs1209024), in 12 patients, which is not found in controls. The 12 cases including 2 cases with anterior hypospadias, 9 cases middle urethral openi ngs and 1 case posterior urethral opening. Among all the 12 patients, 6 were complicated by 2 other malformations, 8 cases were complicated by micropenis and/or underdeveloped testicles. Generally, introns are non-coding sections of a gene, which are removed sooner the mature mRNA can be transported, thus do not exist in the mRNA sequence. However, there may be several(prenominal) mini genes in some introns, the so called genes-within-genes. The frequency of IVS4-364C/A was significantly different between patients and controls, and it was also significantly different between patients with and without micropenis and/or underdeveloped testicles. Therefore, two possibilities could be speculated, the first is that there may be coding sequence related to micropenis and/or underdeveloped testicles in the introns close to exon 3 of MAMLD1, the second is that the mutation could affect mRNA cut back mode, thus lead to the change of protein function. Next tone of voice of our study plan is to verify whether the mutation could affect mRNA shear mode through reverse transcription, amplification and sequencing of extracted mRNA.References1. Skakkebaek NE, Rajpert-De ME, Main KM. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome an increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects. Hum Reprod 200116972-8.2. Sharpe RM. Pathways of endocrine disruption during male sexual differentiation and masculinization. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 20062091-110.3. Sharpe RM, Skakkebaek NE. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome mechanistic insights and potential new downstream effects. Fertil Steril 200889(2 Suppl)e33-8.4. Wu YQ, Dai L, Wang YP, Liang J, Zhu J, Wu DS. Secular Trends of Hypospadias in Chinese Perinatals. J Sichuan Univ (Med Sci Edi) 200536274-6.5. Liang WQ, Ji CY, Zhang JM, et al. The correlation between the type of hypospadias and external genital system malformations. Chin J Urol 201132126-9.6. Laporte J, Kioschis P, Hu LJ, et al. copy and char acterization of an al ternatively spliced gene in proximal Xq28 deleted in two patients with intersexual genitalia and myotubular myopathy. Genomics 19974145862.7. Laporte J, Guiraud-Chaumeil C, Vincent MC, et al. Mutations in the MTM1 gene implicated in X-linkedmyotubular myopathy. ENMC International Consortium on Myotubular Myopathy. European NeuroMuscular Center. Hum groyne genet 199761505-11.8. Bartsch O, Kress W, Wagner A, et al. The novelcontiguous gene syndrome of myotubular myopathy(MTM1), male hypogenitalism and deletion in Xq28 root of the first familial case. Cytogenet Cell Genet 199985310-4.9. Bates PA, Kelley LA, MacCallum RM, et al. Enhancement of protein mannikin by human intervention inapplying the automatic programs 3D-JIGSAW and3D-PSSM. Proteins 2001S5(Suppl 5)39-46.10. Biancalana V, Caron O, Gallati S, et al. Characterisation of mutations in 77 patients with X-linked myotubular myopathy, including a family with a very mild phenotype. Hum Genet 2003112135-42.11. Hu LJ, Laporte J, Kre ss W, et al. Deletions in Xq28 in two boys with myotubular myopathy and abnormal genital development define a new contiguous gene syndrome in a 430 kb region. Hum Mol Genet 19965139-43.12. Fukami M, Wada Y, Miyabayashi K, et al. CXorf6 is a causative gene for hypospadias. Nat Genet 2006381369-71.13. Kalfa N, Liu B, Klein O, et al. Mutations of CXorf6 are associated with arrange of severities of hypospadias. Eur J Endocrinol 2008159453-8.14. Chen Y, Thai HT, Lundin J, et al. mutational study of the MAMLD1-gene in hypospadias. Eur J Med Genet 201053122-6.15. Qian C, Lin HW, Sun P, et al. enquiry of MAMLD1 gene in Hypospadias. J Clin Pediatr Surg 201211106-11.Figure LegendsFigure 1. Mutations of MAMLD1, the number represents the exon serial number, the black area represents the coding region.Table 1Clinic phenotypes of 72 patients with hypospadiasTable 2. Patients complicated by other genitourinary system malformationsTable 3. Mutations of MAMLD1 gene screened in patients and controls

Mixed Martial Arts Essay -- Sports Mixed Martial Arts History Essays

Mixed soldierly ArtsFirst off multiform martial humanistic discipline is what it sounds like. It is a session between two opponents who keep up trained or hatch trained in martial arts. Although conglomerate martial arts in not a mainstream sport, there is no reason why it should be banned in every state here in the coupled States. Like just about, if not all sports, there be rules that one most abide by , the fights are sanctioned, so rules must apply. There are regulations and weight sectiones much like other sports. Mixed martial arts is considered to be the ultimate fighting method. To be considered an accomplished fighter you vex to have skills in striking, take downs, submissions, stamina, but most of all you fate heart. Mixed martial arts, or MMA, started back in the United States in 1993, and over 70 year ago in other countries. The eldest mixed martial arts administration in the United States was the crowning(prenominal) Fighting Champion or UFC. Japans big gest mixed martial arts organization is PrideFC, which started back in 1997, (Doty 13). These may be the two largest mixed martial arts companies in the world. Back then and still today mixed martial arts have been the subject of arguable political debate. The wad against mixed martial arts have had many arguments against the sport in the early to mid 90s. It even convinced several states to ban the sport. This was because when mixed martial arts first started there was little to no rules. This was a one-event night tournament, where any fighters that signed up would fight numerous matches in one night, in a single elimination style tournament until one champion was named. Two men entered an octagon arena and did whatever they had to do to knock out, or tap out their opponent. Mixed martial arts fighters could not bite, eye gouge, or fish hook, and fights could only end with a referees stoppage, a knock out, or submission (Royce 6). Basically it was a channel fight without weapon s. In 2001 a major factor in the restitution of the sport, and the return of the sport to pay-per-view was the employ of a new set of rules. The incorporated rules of mixed martial arts combat, as drafted in New Jersey, and later adopted in Nevada 2001 were a welcome change to the sport. The new rules have five weight classes, rounds, time limits, a list of over 31 fouls, and eight possible ways for the fight to end,(Walter, grapplearts.com). The unified ... ... Its fans and fighters can be found all over the country. They represent every race and class of battalion in the United States. They are teachers, student, attorneys, truck drivers, accountants, ministers, soldiers, doctors, police officers, and family members. They are as much American as the fans and athletes involved in any other sport that is popularly and culturally accepted by the people of the United States of America. They are not savages, barbarians or criminals, or are they a collection of social deviants and m iscreants as people like John McCain would have the voting public believe. They are simply people who enjoy a sport that is misunderstood and as a result, feared and hated. With this stated, MMA should be completely legalized in the United States.Work CitedDoty, Edward. Life in The Cage. New York, NY EZboard Inc, 1998. Hester, Todd. Wanderlei Silva. Grappling may 2004 36-40, 91, 92, 97, 98.Royce, Gracie. What it Takes to be a Fighter. Grappling. May 2004 6-7. Walter, Donald. Mixed Martial Arts supreme Sport, or Ultimately Illegal? . 8 Dec. 2003. . 21 Apr. 2005. .

Entrapment in Waiting for Godot and Existence and Existents Essay

Entrapment in Waiting for Godot and Existence and Existents Samuel Becketts manoeuvre Waiting for Godot has been criticized as a play in which zip happens-twice. Not only be Vladimir and tarragon, the two primary characters, unable to change their circumstances in the get-go act, the second act seems to be a replay of this existential impotence. Vladimirs take down Nothing to be done, at the opening of the play, may be state to characterize the whole. tarragon complains that Nothing happens, nobody comes, nobody goes, its awful (Beckett 27). Ostensibly, the play is a series of meaningless conversations on subjects of no importance. One wonders, then, if it isnt unbent that nothing happens in this play and, hence, if the play has my real artistic merit. barely something is happening. The characters are struggling to free themselves from a treadmill of an existence in which they are trapped-a struggle that is, perhaps, significantly like our own. Let us offshoot cons ider the role of clock in the play. Vladimir and Estragon want time to pass but are forced to acknowledge that even when it does, nothing changes. In other words, the time they recognize offers them no genuine future. On the contrary, it promises them more of the same Estragon We came too soon. Vladimir Its always at nightfall. Estragon But night doesnt fall. Vladimir Itll fall all of a sudden, like yester twenty-four hour period. Estragon Then itll be night. Vladimir And we can go. Estragon Then itll be day again. (Pause. Despairing.) Whatll we do, whatll we do (Beckett 45- 46) If night would only come there would be an ratiocination to this day. But that is no hope since another day ... ...h, Colin. Angels of Darkness prominent Effect in Beckett and Ionesco. novel York Barnes and Noble Books, 1792. Fletcher, Beryl S., and John Fletcher. A Students incline to the Plays of Samuel Beckett. Boston Faber and Faber, 1985. Fletcher, J. Action and Play in Becketts Theater. Modern Drama 9 (1966/67) 242-246. Iser, W. Becketts Dramatic Language. Modern Drama 9 (1966/67) 251-259. Kenner, Hugh. A Readers Guide to Samuel Beckett. New York Farar, Straus, and Giroux, 1983. Lamont, Rosette. Becketts Metaphysics of Choiceless Awareness. Samuel Beckett Now. Ed. Melvin J. Friedman. Chicago U of Chicago Press, 1975. Lyons, Charles R. Samuel Beckett. New York Grove Press, 1983. Metman, Eva. Reflections on Samuel Becketts Plays. Samuel Beckett A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Martin Esslin. New Jersey Prentice-Hall, 1965.

Fredrick Douglass Essay -- essays research papers

After reading the record of the Life of Fredrick Douglass, An American Slave, I have received a damp understanding of the life of a slave. Douglass has a way of explaining the trials and tribulations of a slave, which makes the reader, looking at at the situations in a different perspective. Douglass narrative was originally oral exam and he eventually sat down and wrote it as explanation of events of that prison term during his life. I believe he wrote it non just to tell his story but for another(prenominal) abolitionists of the time to actually feel what the slaves went through.Douglass begins his narrative in a very original way. He does not jump into the accounts of his life. but he begins very passive and describes the overseers in a detailed manner. He compares one of his slave masters, Mr. Covey, to a horse circuit breaker. A horse breaker trains horses to be obedient and this is exactly what Mr. Covey does, he trains slaves in a similar way. The audience Douglass is trying to appeal to are the other abolitionists who he wants to convince that these masters were wrong for their treatment of other human beings. The other abolitionists consist mainly of white, middle-class individuals, usually women. They were the most literate flock of the time, therefore they could read this story and understand where Douglass was coming from. He did not go into gruesome details because the women of that time could not handle the unskillful descriptions of the beatin...

Analysis Of Sir Gawains Character Essay -- Arthurian Legends English

Analysis Of Sir Gawains CharacterIn Sir Gawain and the parking area Knight, the character of Sir Gawain, nephew of the noted Arthur of the Round Table, is seen as the most noble of knights who is the epitome of chivalry, yet he is also susceptible to mistakes. His tact, honor, honesty, and fearlessness are subjected to various tests, posed by the wicked Morgan le Fay. Some tests prove his character and the chivalrous enroll true and faultless, like the time he answers a gainsay although it business leader mean his death, or remains courteous to a lady disrespect temptation. Other tests prove his character and the chivalrous code faulty such as the time he breaks his promise to his host, and when he flinches from a faultless blow.The first test to his courage, courtesy, humility and loyalty toward his king, Arthur, occurs when the Green Knight dead appears at Camelots raw(a) Years feast. He offers the Round Table a challenge the post is for a man to strike him batting ord erh his axe, and twelve months and a day later, the Green Knight will return the blow. When Arthur accepts the challenge, Gawain interferes and asks Arthur with humility and courtesy to grant him the grace to stand by him (SGGK l. 343-344). He confesses that he is the weakest, and of wit feeblest, and the loss of his life would not be a great cataclysm at all because his body, but for Arthurs blood, is not worth practically (SGGK l. 354-357). He asks to be granted the privilege to claim the Green Knights challenge because it does not befit a king. Proof of Gawains character is substantiated by his noble acceptance of the Green Knights beheading game in order to release the king outright from his obligation(SGGK l. 365). It shows courage and loyalty that even among famed knights suc... ...love for his life. Thus Gawain deserves less blame for his assault minor transgression.Although Gawain, like most us, is prone to evil thoughts of selfishness and dishonesty, and takes a faint action, men still hold him dear in Bercilaks castle as well as in Arthurs Camelot (SGGK l. 2465). His friends are not as disappoint with him as he is disappointed with himself. He holds himself in contempt, rages in his mall and grieves for the shame in his actions and the green belt that he must oblige (SGGK l.251-252). He wears the girdle as a badge to remind him of his faults and to begin his pride when it becomes inflated. But he has learned from his mistakes and becomes an even better knight.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight in The Norton Anthology of English Literature 7th ed. vol.1. Abrams, M. H et al. New York W. W. Norton & Company, 2000. 157-210.

Dayton Hudson Corporation Case Analysis :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Analysis of Dayton Hudson Corporation CaseIn the case of Dayton Hudson Corporation, the company fell into a situation of a foreign coup attempted by the Dart Group in 1987. At that time, Kenneth Macke was the CEO of the Dayton Hudson Corporation and sternly disagreed with letting the company fall into the transfer of the Hafts. Mackes decision on what could be done to wind up the takeover turned the circumstances over to the hands of the state of manganese where Dayton Hudsons headquarters resided. Macke requested a special session of the legislature to revisit the Minnesota corporate takeovers statute. This proved to work in Dayton Hudsons favor and a statute was enacted that left the decision of a takeover up to the Board of Directors of the company. The actions that were taken by Kenneth Macke to assist the company with the their takeover situation were an example of how business relies on the regime to be accountable for cordial issues. When pleading their (DHC) ca se to the governor, Dayton Hudson made sure to make hunch over all of the contributions that they have made to the community and how they have provided safe and stop jobs for its residents. They claimed that if they were to be taken over, the Hafts would probably break up the company and sell it off to pay for the expenses incurred from the takeover. Jobs would be lost and in that location would most likely be no social contributions made by the Hafts.Out of the thinkers that we have studied regarding business responsibility, I think that the two that would agree with Mackes decision to look to the political relation would be both Freeman and Friedman. In the readings that we have covered, we have seen that they are believers in that the government is who should be responsible for social issues in some way or another. I think that Freeman may feel a destiny more strongly about Mackes decision than Friedman because he argues that government is the sole caretaker when it com es to taking responsibility for social issues while Freeman argues that it is in the first place governments job, but that business plays a huge use in that responsibility. Friedmans views are that business main responsibility is to increase shareholders wealth and that in doing so, they are being socially responsible. He besides contends that corporations are not people and therefore they cannot be responsible for social issues.