Research methodology, different types of philosophical

seek systemology, varied types of philosophicalFischer (2004) narrates that look mannerology is the essay which raises all types of philosophical questions for the police detectives to know and check the handiness of their knowledge.Saunders et al. (2007) states that, the explore radiation diagram will be the general plan of how to act the question questions and it should concurClear objectives derived from the enquiry questionsIt should specify springs from which info is put inConsider the constraints that the detective will have access to entropy, location conviction and moneyDiscussing honest issuesCooper and Schindler (2008) addresss that the look into task is a sequential process involving all the way define go. They withal state that despite the variation in steps involved, the idea of sequence is manipulationful in developing a research and maintaining an assure as the research progresses. cor suffice to Teresa and William (1997), research order ology provides a systematic, planned nestle to a research enter and ensures that all aspects of the project atomic number 18 consistent with one a nonher.The method that has been apply for this research is found on the research process onion as described by Saunders et al. (2007). The research goes through different layers of the research onion. The various layers argon philosophies, climb upes, strategies, choices, clock time horizons and techniques and procedures. This chapter is divided into collar fractions. The first section deals with the research methods that have been use for this dissertation. The min ingredient deals with knowledge entreaty methods. The last section deals with world and sampling.Research Onion- Adapted from Saunders et al. (2007)Research philosophySaunders et al. (2007) mentions that research philosophy depends on the way you think about the development of knowledge. It is the first layer in the research onion proposed by them. jibe to th em, there be triplet approaches to research philosophy. They ar epistemology, ontology and axiology. Epistemology constitutes with the accept competent knowledge in the field of take apart ontology is concerned with nature of realisticity where as axiology studies about the investigators value in all stage of research process.They vie that the choice of philosophy depends on the research question posed and the detective feels that the approach that has to be use is Epistemology. Jancowickz (2000) mentioned epistemology as personal theory of knowing and what researcher feels as knowledge, what he counts as evidence and proof and what he does not.Saunders et al. (2007) mentioned that there atomic number 18 terce epistemological positions namely, incontrovertibleness, interpretivism, and realism.Positivism Saunders et al. (2007) mentions that if research philosophy reflects the principles of positivism, then we will believably adopt the philosophical stance of a natural s cientist. concord to Bryman bell shape (2007) positivism is an epistemological position that advocates the application of methods of natural sciences to study of hearty reality and beyond. Reilly (2006) defined positivism as a belief that except true knowledge is scientific in character, describing interrelationships between real and observable phenomena.Interpretivism This is a philosophy where researcher be deprecative of positivism and argue that rich insights, into complex world be lost if such complexity is degraded spotlessly to a series of law like generations. It to a fault emphasises on the battle between conducting a research among race or else than tangible objects.Realism This is a philosophical approach which is based on that a reality exists that is independent of human thoughts and beliefs. It holds many thoughts from positivism and it scientifically questions what is regarded as acceptable knowledge. In realism, the approach assumes a scientific approac h to the development of information and underpins the viewion of entropy and understanding of those info. (Saunders et al., 2007, p105). at that place are devil types of realism namely critical realism and direct realism. grade realism is what the researcher experience through his senses cook ups the world accurately. In critical realism, what the researcher experiences are sensations and images of the things in the real world, but not the real thing.Research philosophy for this researchSaunders et al. (2007) argues that usually a combination of positivism and interpretivism are generally utilize in the management of business research. However, the research philosophy varies according to research question. This research steeringes on electric shock of gross sales promotional materials on proclivity bribes. Various authors have discussed the phenomenon that happens and the researcher is trying to explore the consumer doings on impulse purchase. The philosophy that is used in this research is realism. For this the researcher uses acceptable knowledge in the field of impulse purchase and consumer behaviour to understand the impact of sales promotion on impulse purchase and consumer loyalty. The researcher collects and analyses data development acceptable knowledge for the persona of firmness of purposeing the research question, so the research is more inclined towards realism.Research ApproachSaunders et al. (2007) states that all research work involves theories and suggests the clarity of researchers theory at the beginning of the research could inform the research the approach taken in designing the research. They, suggest deuce types of research approach of modestnessing. They are inducive approach and deductive approach.Inductive ApproachIn inductive approach, the researcher would collect the data and develop and theory with the result of data digest. According to Saunders et al. (2007), the following are the features of inductive app roach.Gaining an understanding of meanings human attach to eventsA close understanding of research contextA collection of qualitative dataA more flexible structure to permit changes of research emphasis as research progressesA realisation that the researcher is part of the research processLess concern with need to generaliseDeductive approachDeductive approach method is the way of testing a theory. The researcher will develop a theory and suitable shot. The research strategy is the developed to test the venture that is developed.Roboson (2002) suggests a five-stage model through which the deductive stage will progressDeduct a guess from the theoryExpress the hypothesis in operational terms try the hypothesisExamine outcome of the inquiryModify theory in light of resultsResearch Approach for this researchThe researcher has chosen the deductive approach over the inductive approach for this research. In deductive approach for this research, an initial stage presents a general hypoth esis. This initial stage contains subsidiary data mentioned by various authors. This hypothesis is then time-tested using the data collection methods to answer the objectives.Research StrategyAccording to Saunders et al. (2007), sevensome different strategies can be used for a research. They are tasteSurveyCase studyAction researchGrounded theorydescriptive anthropologyArchival researchThe strategy that has to be used can be chosen depending on research questions and objectives, research time and other resources that are available. (Saunders et al., 2007) The most feasible solution for this dissertation is the horizon method. The survey method is associated with deductive approach. It allows the collection of a large amount of data from salubrious cosmos in highly economical way. Utilising the questionnaire, data can be convertible allowing easy compilation. It is withal a cheap option for the researcher. The survey strategy overly allows collecting quantitative data, which can be analysed using descriptive tactics. The survey strategy utilises the designing and piloting of data collection method to ensure a good response rate.In the vitrine of this dissertation, the researcher plans to distribute questionnaire among the customers and thus do the survey for this dissertation. This will be handed out by the researcher himself which adds to the cheapness of the survey. The researcher is alike planning to do two mini focus convocation audiences among the customers. sounding at all these options, the researcher feels that conducting a survey will be the best way to collect data for this research.Research choiceAccording to Saunders et al. (2007), the two main methods of data collection are quantitative data collection and qualitative data collection. Qualitative data that is used in research would be usually a non-numerical data. It has open-ended information. Ex sizeable Pictures or video clips. Quantitative data that is used in data would be numeric al data consisting of graphs or statistics. It includes close-ended information such as attitude, behaviour of performance instruments. ( behind and Vicki, 2007).Saunders et al. (2007, p 146)Saunders et al. (2007) mentions that the researcher can use used some(prenominal) qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. This is known as immix method of data collection. Both these could be done at the alike time or one after the other, but the methods cannot be combined.John and Vicki (2007) argue that the weakness of both quantitative and qualitative methods can be overcome by using both the methods. If we use mixed methods, different methods like interview and questionnaire can be used for the study. They also state that mixed method research provides more comprehensive evidence for study a research question than using just one method of data analysis. This was also mentioned as the most practical method since the researcher is free to use all the methods to address the pr oblem.In the context of this research, the researcher used a combination of both quantitative and qualitative data techniques to call up the data. The quantitative data is analysed with the back up of questionnaires and the qualitative data is analysed with the assistant of interviews. The attitudes and impulse buying behaviour and perception of customers can be canvas using the questionnaire surveys. For the qualitative data analysis, two mini focus groupings consisting of three members each will be conducted by the researcher. The researcher will use the respondents observation and researchers observation to conclude his findings. In short, the researcher uses mixed method of data analysis to generalise the findings.Time HorizonAccording to Saunders et al. (2007), time horizons are take for the research design independent of the research methodology used. There are two types of time horizons namely longitudinal and Cross-sectioned. Longitudinal studies are repeated over an extended period. Cross sectional studies are hold to a specific time frame. This research is also limited to a specific time frame and hence the cross sectional time horizon is used.Data Collection MethodsThere are two types of data involved with this research. The first one is prime data and the second type is utility(prenominal) data. The secondary coil data contains the literature review, which is the view by various authors about the topic. The uncreated data which is unruffled to prove the hypothesis presented which is collected using secondary data. According to Saunders et al. (2007), the secondary data whitethorn not match the ineluctably of new research aggregations and definitions may also be unsuitable, there for to resolve this primary data has been employed to answer the nature of the problem and test the hypothesis. In other words, the secondary data is the data that is collected for some other purpose while the primary data is collected specifically for this re search.Secondary dataAccording to Saunders et al. (2007), the secondary data consists of both quantitative and qualitative data. It contains both raw data and published data. Bryman and Bell (2007) stated that it could provide an answer to the research question. They also mentioned about the benefits of collecting secondary data. It helps us structuring ideas, developing new concepts, exsert new directions to data, sketch population and organise provide approach to the research.Saunders et al. (2007) also mentions that the secondary data should be viewed with the alike(p) caution that we view the primary data. The researcher needs to make sure that it will be able to answer the research question and meet his objectives.For this research, the researcher gathered the secondary data from journal articles and textbooks. The journals were electronically collected from the Emerald Insight (http//www. emeraldnisight.com) and Business source complete. The researcher also referred many bo oks and magazines. Books provided the foundation for the topic and for the research methods. The journals helped to make an insight from various authors that discussed about this topic. Magazines helped to find the current situations related to the topic. primary feather dataPrimary data is collected for the completion of this research. It is the data collected from the survey and we do not have any previous results for this data. There are two categories of data collection available. One of them is quantitative data collection and the second is the qualitative data collection.Qualitative dataThe data that is non-numerical and that cannot be quantified is known as qualitative data. Saunders et al. (2007) mentions that the use of interviews can help the researcher to gather valid and reliable data that are pertinent to his/her research.There interviews are mainly categorised into two namely standardised and Non-standardised interviews. Standardised interviews will have interview-ad ministered questions where as the other one does not have that. Under non-standardised interviews, there are two categories. They are one-to-one and one-to-many. The one-to-one is further categorised into face-to-face, telephone and internet/intranet based interviews. The one-to-many interviews are of two kinds group interviews and internet/intranet based group interviews. This kind of group interviews come under a category called focus group interviews.(Saunders et al. (2007) p 313)This research will be using the aid of focus group interviews. The focus group method is a form of group interview in which there are several participants, there is an emphasis on questioning on a tightly defined topic and the accent is upon interaction at bottom the group and the joint construction of meaning. (Bryman and Bell, 2007) The main indication of this interview is, it involves more than one interviewee and typically contains four to twelve members. According to Cooper and Schindler (2001), the two advantages of using focus group interview are to get a depth understanding and it is a chance to bring out reactions to the research question in an open-ended group setting.For this research, the researcher conducts two mini focus group interviews. These interviews are used to increase the probably of the research and to form a background for the questionnaire design. The critical analysis of the focus group interviews helped the researcher to critically analyse the sales promotion and its impact on impulse purchasing behaviour of the participants. The researcher was able to find two groups of respondents who were willing to give the focus group interview. These groups contained both antheral and female participants, with the age group between 15 and 30.The interviewees were asked questions about the sales promotional activities in the store. They were also asked about the factors that imply them to buy things impetuously and if price promotions affect the impulse purcha se. The mini focus interviews helped the researcher in questionnaire design by exploring the responses of exemplar population to analytically test the hypothesis using quantitative data. The response from the interviewees pulled out the conclusions that sales promotions play an cardinal role in impulse buying behaviour of consumers.Quantitative dataThe quantitative data is analysed using survey method. For this research, the researcher uses, questionnaire for the survey method. Saunders et al. (2007) mentions that a questionnaire includes all techniques of data collection in which each person is asked to respond to the same set of questions in a predetermined order. They also mention that it is one of the most widely used data collection within the survey strategy.The questionnaires are used in the research as it permits spry and honest responses from a respondent than interviews. This sort of response is required for extracting information such as personal information. The biasn ess that is likely to occur by the difference in phrasing questions to different respondents is also eliminated by using questionnaire. The convenience, availability of resources in terms of time and cost and ease of automating data inlet makes questionnaire the best choice for quantitative data analysis.According to Saunders et al. (2007), various factors affect choosing the questionnaire for a research. They areThe characteristics of the respondents to whom the researcher wish to collect the information.Importance of reaching a particular person as respondentSize of the sample required by the researcher for the analysisImportance of the responders answers not cosmos contaminated or distortedThe type of question that the researcher needs to collect the dataThe number of questions that the researcher needs to ask to collect the dataThere are two types of questionnaires namely self-administered questionnaire and interview administered questionnaire. Self-administered questionnaire is used in this research because of its advantage that it can be completed without the front man of the researcher. This is supported by Brace (2004) that the absence of the researcher makes the respondent to be honest and the respondent gets adequacy time to answer the questions.One grave thing that needs to be noted is the language used in the questionnaire. A transparent language is usually preferred than using technological jargons. Bruce (2004) mentions that double barrelled questions and jargon must be avoided in order to reduce confusion among both partiesBryman and Bell (2007) mentions that piloting a questionnaire should be an integral part of the process. Piloting is the process by which the questionnaire is revised and tested until the researcher and clients are happy. It helps the researcher to improve the quality of questionnaire and its efficiency in assembling data. A pilot test was conducted among five MBA International students to bear out the questionnaire. Based on their feedback, necessary amendments were made to the questions.Table 2 Questionnaire interpretationSl. noCharacteristicsQuestions1Collects the demographic information from respondentsQ1,Q2,Q32Identifies the shopping inside information like frequency and average spendingQ4, Q53.Identifies the sales promotional activities in the storeQ6,Q7,4Identifies consumers impulse buying behaviour and factorsQ9,Q10,115.Identifies if price promotion affects impulse purchaseQ12,Q13,Q14,Q15The researcher distributed the questionnaires in Tesco retail store, Parnell Street, Dublin-Ireland. The researcher ensured that the consumers got enough time to complete the questionnaire. This researcher did not give any hints to answer the questions and this helped the respondent to honestly answer the questions. The researcher used an online tool called Surveymonkey for the data analysis (www.surveymonkey.com). The response and the scales used are mentioned in the data analysis chapterPopulation and takeAccording to Cooper and Schindler (2008), a population is the union collection of elements about which we wish to make some inferences. They also mentioned that to sop up the conclusion about the entire population, some of the elements of the population are to be selected and this process is called sampling.Saunders et al. (2007) mentions sampling technique provides a range of methods that enable to reduce the amount of data that is needed for consideration. They further mention that this is an alternative to the count method. They provide alternative whenIt would be impractical for the researcher to survey the entire populationThe budget constraints prevent researcher from surveying the entire populationThe time constraints prevents the researcher from surveying the entire populationResults are needed quicklyMayolor and Blackmon (2005), mentions that sampling frame facilitates, conclusion making about the societal units that have been selecting units that are representati ve of the population.Saunders et al. (2007) classifies the sampling techniques into probability sampling Non-probability sampling. In probability sampling, the probability of each case beingness selected from the population is the same for all cases, where as in non-probability sampling, the probability of case being selected is being unknown.Cooper and Schindler (2008), argues that, if the non-probability sampling is feasible, if the tot up population for the study is unknown. In this case, the population are the customers of Tesco, Parnell Street, Dublin. Non-probability sampling is further divided into five typesQuota Samplinggoal-directed samplingSnowball samplingSelf selection sampling widget samplingThis research focuses on impact of sales promotion on impulse purchase and consumer loyalty. In this research, the quota sampling is found to be more appropriate for the sampling. Saunders et al., (2007) confirms that with the help of quota sampling, population could be divided i nto specific groups. This helps in calculating a quota for each group based on appropriate and obtainable data.According to Barnett (1991), cited by Saunders et al. (2007), quota sampling is entirely non-random and is normally used for interview surveys. It is based on the premise that the sample will represent the population, as the variability in the sample for various quota variables is the same as that of the population.For this research, the population is categorises into specific groups. Appropriate estimate from each group is prompt to distinguish the quota based on reliable data. Each interviewer will be analysed and the data will be collected from each quota. The data that is collected are then united to obtain a full sample. The researcher selected the quotas according to the age group and gender. The customers were selected by the respondent randomly first. The researcher then checked the respondents criteria of the age group and selected the people he wanted.Sampling Fr ameThe frame elements in the population are called the sampling frame. Saunders et al. (2007) states that the large the samples size, the lower the likely actus reus in generalising to the population. Hence, suitable sample should be governed byThe confidence required in the dataMargin of misunderstanding that can be toleratedTypes of analysis that needs to be undertakenSize of the total populationThe sampling frame in this research includes the customers in the grocery section in Tesco, Parnell Street. The sampling size, frame and population are defined as followsSampling Size 100Elements Customers of Tesco, Parnell StreetUnits Grocery section in Tesco Parnell StreetExtents Dublin, IrelandSampling Technique Non-probability sampling (quota sampling)Sampling erroneousness 5%Time May 2010-Aug-2010The quotas and total sample size are given below AGE GROUP MALE FEMALE 15-30 25 25 31-50 15 15 51 and above 10 10 TOTAL POPULATION = 100Time constraint was the main reason for the researc her to select a small population. The researcher ensured that the researcher were ensured ample time to complete the questionnaire. The researcher made sure that the questionnaire had a simple design with no technical jargons used which would have confused people otherwise. The researcher plans to distribute the questions to 100 people and expects a sampling error of 5%. Since it is a self-administered questionnaire, the researcher expects good response from the respondents.