The Big Sleep - Characterization of Vivian and Carmen :: sleep

The Big Sleep - Characterization of Vivian and Carmen in the Movie and the Book   The characterization of Vivian and Carmen changes drastically depending on whether you are pointing the apply or watching the movie. The production statute forces the women in the movie to become more socially accept adapted-Carmen was non crazy and Vivian was not blatantly seductive. Changes that the production codification forces on the characterization of the women causes the movie to be somewhat lack luster. The book was full of painstaking description of the women that the movie completely left-hand(a) out.   The production code of the day did not allow the characters do be described as crazy or sexual. The production code expressly forbade it. level scripts had to be read before the movie could be filmed. Once the movie was done, censors viewed it before they allowed it to be released for the general public. Furthermore, you can forget about seeing anything jam to a bare-assed woman or a sexual scene on the screen.   The strength of the book is the exact way that Chandler sets up each of scenes. In the book, one of the scenes had Carmen fictionalization naked on Marlowes bed when he came home. Marlowe had to threaten to throw Carmen out-naked- before she agreed to leave. It really reinforced the characterization that Chandler had used for Carmen. Carmen is truly crazy and very sexual. The same scene, in the movie, is shot with Carmen waiting in Marlowes house fully clothed. He does not have to force her to leave and she does not act more or less as crazy. The production code causes the movie to lack punch because it use ups away the precise characterization that Chandler used to describe the women and the situations. The scene is so watered run through that it loses the impact that it needs to make the proper impression on those who are watching it.   If you only watched the movie, Carmens visual representation would n ot be bothersome. After translation the book, however, the visual representation is one more thing that causes the movie to lose its impact. In the book, she is described as baby-like and as a spoiled brat. In the movie, she is atleast dressed up as a beautiful woman who may be a little spoiled but who is able to, for the most part, take care of herself.The Big Sleep - Characterization of Vivian and Carmen sleep The Big Sleep - Characterization of Vivian and Carmen in the Movie and the Book   The characterization of Vivian and Carmen changes drastically depending on whether you are reading the book or watching the movie. The production code forces the women in the movie to become more socially acceptable-Carmen was not crazy and Vivian was not blatantly seductive. Changes that the production code forces on the characterization of the women causes the movie to be somewhat lack luster. The book was full of painstaking description of the women that the movie comple tely left out.   The production code of the day did not allow the characters do be described as crazy or sexual. The production code expressly forbade it. Even scripts had to be read before the movie could be filmed. Once the movie was done, censors viewed it before they allowed it to be released for the general public. Furthermore, you can forget about seeing anything close to a naked woman or a sexual scene on the screen.   The strength of the book is the exact way that Chandler sets up each of scenes. In the book, one of the scenes had Carmen lying naked on Marlowes bed when he came home. Marlowe had to threaten to throw Carmen out-naked- before she agreed to leave. It really reinforced the characterization that Chandler had used for Carmen. Carmen is very crazy and very sexual. The same scene, in the movie, is shot with Carmen waiting in Marlowes house fully clothed. He does not have to force her to leave and she does not act nearly as crazy. The production c ode causes the movie to lack punch because it takes away the precise characterization that Chandler used to describe the women and the situations. The scene is so watered down that it loses the impact that it needs to make the proper impression on those who are watching it.   If you only watched the movie, Carmens visual representation would not be bothersome. After reading the book, however, the visual representation is one more thing that causes the movie to lose its impact. In the book, she is described as baby-like and as a spoiled brat. In the movie, she is atleast dressed up as a beautiful woman who may be a little spoiled but who is able to, for the most part, take care of herself.

Choosing a Location for a Burger King fast food restaurant versus a car

The nature of a Burger King restaurant and a car factory are both very unalike as they are both different services, therefore there will be many varying factors that need to be considered when choosing an appropriate location for siting each of these. Burger King provides a service to the public, therefore it lies in the tertiary sector, whilst a car factory is a manufacturing condescension, which provides cars for there company. Every business needs to be located, but this has to be done carefully, as it is very expensive to reverse.The main factors which will influence a businesses decision to locate in a authorized area are, competition, costs of the area, government incentives, availability of labour, proximity to materials and market. The factors that both businesses will definitely need to consider are the costs of the area and availability of labour. Firstly, the business will need to be located in an area which is relatively inexpensive as they do not want to have a se lf-aggrandizing expense of rents and rates going out of the business every month. This will reduce the potential funds...

Soulless Technology in William Gibson’s Burning Chrome Essay -- Willia

Soulless Technology in William Gibsons Burning ChromeAn old adage states that the eyeball ar the windows to the soul. What if, however, those eye energise a trademark name stamped onto them? William Gibsons short story Burning Chrome depicts an advanced but soulless society where most of the technological advances are portrayed as being perverted by commercialization and human mechanization, rather than dedicated to improving the quality of life. This paper entrust touch upon the flighty consumerism of as well as the dehumanizing uses of technology in the world of Automatic Jack, the readers companion throughout the story.Perhaps the most visible prototype of this perversion is the high degree of commercialized technology in their society. The character of Rikki, a female friend of Jacks, has her heart set on a pair of Zeiss Ikon eyes, and, as Jack describes them as a Brand of the stars and Very expensive (Gibson 1015). Though she desires 20/20 vision, Rikki does not want the e yes because they will help her see better rather, she has an entire catalogue full of the most fashionable and stylish eyes of the season. Rikkis friend Tiger gets his eyes redone simply so he can go to Hollywood, risking his eyesight with the not-as-reliable Sendai brand. The fact that anyone would put fashion and fame before something as precious and irreplaceable as eye nerves goes beyond foolish consumerism. It becomes reckless consumerism, putting goods above all other concerns for self and others. As for Tiger himself, Jack describes him in the following panacheHe had the kind of uniform good looks you get after your seventh trip to the surgical boutique hed probably spend the equaliser of his life looking vaguely like each new season... ... newest way to connect to others without needing human interaction. Its impossible to know when technology will become too invasive and society too hollow, but by the time anyone looks hard enough, nothing but empty, soul-devoid, tradem arked windows will blink in return.BibliographyGibson, William Ford. Burning Chrome. The Prentice Hall Anthology Of Science Fiction and Fantasy. Ed. Garyn G. Roberts. NJ Prentice Hall, 2001. 1006- 1019.Maddox, Tom. Cobra, She Said An Interim Report on the Fiction of William Gibson. Hall 142-144.Hall, Sharon K., ed. Contemporary literary Criticism. Vol. 39. New York Gale Research, Inc., 1986.Coleman, Howard. Other Voices, Other Voices. Matuz 129-130.Greenland, Colin. Into Cyberspace. Matuz 130-131.Matuz, Roger, ed. Contemporary Literary Criticism. Vol. 63. New York Gale Research, Inc., 1991.

The Progressive Movement Essay example -- American History Essays

The Progressive MovementThe state-of-the-art movement of the early 20th century has prove to be an intricately confounded conundrum for American historians. Who participated in this movement? What did it accomplish, or fail to accomplish? Was it a movement at all? These be all significant questions that historians have been grappling with for the last 60 years, thus creating a historical dialogue where in their different interpretations interact with each other. The most(prenominal) commonly known, and consequently most watered down, version of the progressive movement argues that this era was simply an effort by the middle class to cure some of the social and political ills of American society that had developed during the rapid industrial growth in the last quarter of the 19th century. This explanation has proven to be a woefully inadequate in the face of the complexities that characterize these times. In Richard Hofstadters The Age of Reform, Peter Filenes An Obituary for the Progressive Movement, Richard McCormicks The disc everywherey that Business Corrupts Politics, and Paula bakers The Domestication of Politics each author asserts their own unique interpretations of the progressive movement. These distinct examinations each chart and thus unvarnished the fluidity of knowledge about this particular time period and how it has been shaped reshaped by new analysis.Richard Hofstadter, the leftward leaning author of Age of Reform, in his appraisal of the progressive movement makes the central argument that the progressive movement was not catalyzed by economics or moral principal but instead by psychology. Hofstadter describes the progressives as primarily urban, middle class, and nation wide. He makes the case that t... ... an impact on the system as a whole. An interesting comparison can be make between Hofstadters status revolution and Bakers suffrage movement. Both can be seen as psychologically driven movements that interacted during the progressive era. Baker and Hofstadter also both cite a vast and complex struggle to improve the status of a particular social group. Baker on adept hand describes womens fight for the right to be seen as equal to men, most definitely in a political sense if not in a social sense as well, while Hofstadter makes the case that the progressives were driven to action by the need to reclaim their former status of superiority over the emerging newly rich industrialists. Although Baker does not seem to give the amount of attention to psychology that Hofstadter does an undeniable correlation can still be made between the arguments of both authors.

Depression Leading to Suicide Essay -- hopelessness,

One who suffers from depression may think about and or attempt self-destruction because of the extreme emotional pain and hopelessness they feel. It is during this time that one believes the only relief is in by putting an end to their lives. The put on the line of exposure factors that are identify in the assessment by Dr. Niolon state the first thing to remember is these three things consult- this allows for another opinion and better care as well as to protect you and document everything you do every question you ask the client and everyone you speak too and evaluate the clients risks (Niolon, R. PhD., 1999). Factors that influence suicide risk are mental diagnosis, particularly depression and substance abuse, or Borderline Personality Disorder which increases risk. Age- Individuals over the age of forty-five (45) are at a higher rate. Gender (women try more frequently while men try more fatal means). Marital status (never married, divorced, newly separated are the highest rat e while unmarried are lowest risk). History of suicide in their family recent job loss, Caucasians are at a higher risk than ethnic minorities. (Niolon,R. Ph.D.,1999). Depression, has occurred at some point in a great many peoples lives. Depression that spiraled out of control into suicide thoughts and in some cases it may have even turned into attempts. Such thoughts and/ and or actions can be feeling more than a person can handle by themselves. on that point are warning signs, such as, feelings of sadness for no reason at all, loss of interest in do in things, such as combat-ready in activities with friends or going to outside social events, it also includes not being albe to enjoy activities that once brought them happiness and pleasure. Most of society is able to disch... ...hem, still if given the right information it is possible to encourage them to go to their family and friends , and that suicide is certainly not the answer and that there is help is available. Fo r those who are affected by others who suffer from depression and suicidal thoughts/and or attempts you need help to you may also need help from the emotional stress and worry that it has caused you, group steering/and or therapy.Works CitedNiolon,R.,Ph.D., (1999). Resources for students and professionals. Suicide Assessment. Retrieved from http//www.psychpage.com/learning/library/counseling/suicide.htmlPsyWeb.Com. (2013). Depression and Mental Health Resources. Retrieved from http//www.psyweb.com/mdisord/jsp/gendepress.jspConwell Y, Brent D. Suicide and aging. I patterns of psychiatric diagnosis. International Psychogeriatrics, 1995 7(2) 149-64.

Depression Leading to Suicide Essay -- hopelessness,

One who suffers from drop-off may think about and or attempt suicide because of the extreme turned on(p) pain and hopelessness they feel. It is during this time that one believes the only relief is in by putting an end to their lives. The risk factors that are identified in the estimation by Dr. Niolon state the first thing to remember is these three things consult- this allows for another opinion and better care as well as to protect you and history everything you do every question you ask the client and everyone you speak too and evaluate the clients risks (Niolon, R. PhD., 1999). Factors that influence suicide risk are cordial diagnosis, particularly depression and substance abuse, or Borderline Personality Disorder which increases risk. Age- Individuals over the age of forty-five (45) are at a higher rate. sexual activity (women try more frequently bandage men try more fatal means). Marital status (never married, divorced, newly separated are the highest rate while unmarri ed are lowest risk). History of suicide in their family recent job loss, Caucasians are at a higher risk than ethnic minorities. (Niolon,R. Ph.D.,1999). Depression, has occurred at some point in a great many peoples lives. Depression that spiraled out of control into suicide thoughts and in some cases it may have dismantle turned into attempts. Such thoughts and/ and or actions can be feeling more than a person can handle by themselves.There are pattern signs, such as, feelings of sadness for no reason at all, loss of interest in do in things, such as participating in activities with friends or going to outside social events, it also includes not being albe to enjoy activities that once brought them happiness and pleasure. Most of society is able to disch... ...hem, but if given the duty information it is possible to encourage them to go to their family and friends , and that suicide is certainly not the answer and that there is help is available. For those who are affe cted by others who suffer from depression and suicidal thoughts/and or attempts you need help to you may also need help from the emotional stress and worry that it has caused you, group counseling/and or therapy.whole kit and boodle CitedNiolon,R.,Ph.D., (1999). Resources for students and professionals. Suicide Assessment. Retrieved from http//www.psychpage.com/learning/library/counseling/suicide.htmlPsyWeb.Com. (2013). Depression and Mental Health Resources. Retrieved from http//www.psyweb.com/mdisord/jsp/gendepress.jspConwell Y, Brent D. Suicide and aging. I patterns of psychiatric diagnosis. International Psychogeriatrics, 1995 7(2) 149-64.

Preventing Abortion

Abortion should be prevented Why deny someone a well-deserved life? Abortion is one of the topics that cause more victims in the world, the decision to make it legal or illegal is discussed in several countries and even spiritual entities. I feel abortion can be prevented because of all the resources that be available today. Depriving someone the chance to live will not fix the problems you reserve in life, actually it will appear fixed but guilt and consequences will always be part of your life. Having an abortion is mostly a womens decision, but some circumstances force them to make these decisions.Having an abortion can remove several consequences such as depression and stress. Family members involved can have rational instability. The act of abortion is almost always accompanied by suffering. Women who practice it experience emptiness, regret and even sadness. Consciously they may find an quick solution and a relief for that moment. The most unfortunate consequence, dependi ng on the circumstances in which the abortion was done, may be putting their life in peril and also the risk of not being able to become pregnant again.Awareness is important when having unprotect sexual relations, not only because of undesired pregnancy, but also because of acquiring sexually transmitted diseases. Today resources are available to protect an undesired pregnancy, including information, medications, birth control and condoms, so this way, the only type of abortion performed are those that could not be prevented, such as rape victims, saving a mothers life or when the unborn child would have a disease, mental or physical, that would allow them to not have a healthy life.Most discussions about abortion are because of the effect that life begins at conception however this impression does not have support of medical science or religion traditional. Before Christians did not view abortion as a murder until the conception, which their belief was that a soul enter the body at 40 to 80 days after conception. But later they started to believe that life begins at conception.There are many different points of view about abortion, for example, men and woman will see it differently, education level, marital status, religion, political etc. As a partial(p) solution to reduce abortions, even more resources should be provided to the population. Governments should work together with schools to provide even more healthy and sex information to teenagers so undesired pregnancies would be prevented, reducing the number of abortions and social problems.The Governments should also make more programs available such as school aids, healthy care, and cash assistance that gives women the motivator to keep their children and motivate them to provide as mothers. The government needs to keep finding more ways and resources to prevent unintended pregnancies. Class requirements should be apply and rules should be loosened to allow teenagers to familiarize themselves with the consequences of unprotected and premarital intercourse.

Imagination as a way of knowing

History Imagination permeates all the areas of knowledge even the ones that are traditionally seen as being based purely on logic and reason. It is the logic and reasoning that leaders must do everyday to either prevent a fight or how to protect his/her soldiers. This very system is what leads to war and death in history. Many historical figures have succeeded in being remembered doneout history through each individuals reasoning and logic based on a given situation.For example, when George Washington decided to cross the Delaware River for a surprise attack while inheritor enemies were out partying thinking that theyve won, but were later slaughtered and obliterated by Washingtons men. Washington later became the first United States President. It was this rational and logical reason that they won the war. some other instance is when Napoleon Bonaparte decided to not retreat while they had the chance at the Battle of Waterloo, that battleground became his resting place.He was lat er killed in battle by a battalion of the enemy soldiers. Many of his men perished in the battle as well. Even in Australias history, Galileo was a tragic day of death. The leaders of the Australian Army told their soldiers to run straight at the enemy machine gun turrets, and all were killed. Only after they lost thousands of their soldiers did they retreat from Galileo.Imagination is a creative behavior of thinking. It involves creating solutions in an inventive way, and one that can benefit them. Imagination is in every being, and they have the capacity for greatness with their logic and reason, and in this case, could change history. Without this play with fantasy no creative work has ever yet come to birth. The debt we owe to the play of the Imagination Is Incalculable. Carl Jung

Acheivements of the Mayans

Plan of Investigation The research piece of music will be on the achievements of the Mayans. The research question developed for this paper is How did Mayan achievements lead to the development of the empire? This paper will be focusing on how the achievements of the Mayans led to the development of their elaboration. This will non look into the fall of the Mayan empire but will look into where the Mayans came from and the beginning of the Mayan empire. All sources in this paper are secondary sources. The paper had chosen its sources by evaluating their information on how oft they explained on Mayan achievements.Some of the papers sources similarly talked about the locations of the Mayan empire. Some main ideas of the paper would be Mexico which is where the Mayan civilization was and will be covering major achievements uniform the three hundred and sixty five day solar calendar and the Mayan language which consisted of hieroglyphics. Summary of Evidence The Mayan civilization is a very complex civilization, conventional in the Pre-classic period (2000 BC 250 AD). Mayans were very artistic and achieved galore(postnominal) artistic achievements. chaste Maya art spanned the centuries from the period of Christ until about 1000, and had its home in primal Yucatan, bounded on the south by the Guatemalan highlands and on the north by a flat and dry limestone plain. Mayan ceramics were employ as currency, tableware, and offerings to the dead. Pottery was also decorated with rituals, myths, and hieroglyphs. With Mayan artistic abilities they developed a writing system. The Mayans had scribes who were trained at their writing system. Scribes ordinarily had many pens in their hair dress. The writing system was so hard to learn not every class knew it. On the other hand, the Classic Maya had a system of written hieroglyphic script, badly syllabic in nature, which, although once considered astronomical or sacred in content, is now considered primarily dynast ic and political. The language of antique Maya was written and was complex. The writing was containing pictures. The language was so ripe that only few members of the higher class were able to read it. The writing was commonly carved into stone. Other than art Ancient Maya had achievements in mathsematics and accomplishment. Mayans were raise Zenial Passages un corresponding western astronomers.Mayan astronomers also were able to predict lunar eclipses with their lunar knowledge. The Mayans had 2 different calendar grades, 360 day year and a formal year of 365 days. The Mayan calendar kept running beforehand of the true year. The Mayans did not have leap year and would not implement it because it would ruin their day count. Mayans employ math in their math in their art especially geometry. Mayans used geometry when making art in architecture. A common type of art on their structures was mosaics usually being ethnical. Mayans mainly used art on their temples or other religio us structures.Mayans also developed a math system. The Mayans had a numerical system. It used 0 as a place holder. The numeric system was a base 20 system. Daniel Lukach Evaluation of Source Maya by the capital of South Carolina University Press is an word published in 2009. It was published by the capital of South Carolina University Press. This article was created by many authors and was compiled by the Columbia University Press. The publisher and author are credible as they published and created more than books. The publisher and author are run by Columbia University. All outside sources used in the article were stated in a bibliography.This article was written for people who wanted to know about the Maya. The article seeks to address the question, What is Maya? There is no thesis but the author is laborious to explain anything around the Mayan people. There is many values and limitations in this article. A value in this article is that the author goes in-depth about the Maya ns. This publication is also not out dated. This publication or article also answered the question, What were Mayan achievements do? A major value is also that th author does not rely on one specific source as the article uses multiple sources.This article also has limitations one limitation is that the author did not state where he used the sources in the article. Another problem is this is a secondary source which means the article isnt on firsthand experience and used other sources for its research. both questions unanswered is, To what extent did Mayan achievements lead to the success of the empire? which is the research question. And, Why were the Mayans so religiously based? Analysis This topic was important over its time because there was many achievements the Mayans had and also many discoveries.The Mayans at their time developed many great achievements and also was a vast civilization spanning across the Yucatan peninsula. Classic Maya art spanned the centuries from th e time of Christ until about 1000, and had its home in central Yucatan, bounded on the south by the Guatemalan highlands and on the north by a flat and dry limestone plain. The Mayans were the most advanced civilization in the Americas at the time. Their culture spread across the Americas. This even had a large impact on social development. The Mayan achievements built a large culture for a vast civilization. By the end of the Middle Preclassic period, after 500 B. C. , communities like Mirador were beginning to reflect a new developmental trajectory. Jewelry and other goods made from exotic raw materials indicate increasing prosperity, expanded economic ties to contradictory regions, and sharper differences in wealth and social status large-scale, elaborately decorated public buildings reflect the emergence of powerful permanent leaders, chiefs or kings. These trends continued and escalate during the Late Preclassic period, setting the fundamental patterns of Classic-period Maya city-states. As the Mayan civilization grew more art developed and spread making a great impact on their culture. Mayan science had a great impact also on their culture. The calendar of months was probably inaugurated in 580 B. C. when 0 Pop, New Years day, coincided with the winter solstice. A third era, 9. 0. 0. 0. 0, 8 Ahau 13 Ceh, February 10, 176 A. D. , is the one used in the Mayan chronicles. The Mayans had 2 different calendar years, 360 day year and a formal year of 365 days. The Mayan calendar kept running ahead of the true year. The Mayans did not have leap year and would not implement it because it would ruin their day count.With the creation of the calendar, Mayan religion began using it to predict special religious days. imposture also affected the Mayan religion. This event could be considered a turning point, as the Mayans developed new technologies and cultural achievements. The Mayans were the first civilization of the Americas and had impact on other tribes. The ir culture spread across the Americas changing the way life. This event can be analyzed from a different perspective, as people dexterity view the Mayan culture not to impact other tribes in the region. People might also believe the Mayans werent a great civilization either.Conclusion To what extent did Mayan achievements lead to the development of the empire, the Mayan achievements led to a development of an empire by social development, the Mayans main development was science and art. Mayans use of technology made it easy to expand but since the civilization wasnt fully connected different Mayan groups thought with each other. Mayans were also able to expand their empire by making all cities built in a similar design. By the research two questions are developed, How did the Mayans discover their art forms? and Why did Mayans do more science then religion? A few connections I can make to the Mayans is that they were a large civilization that fell like the Incas and the Aztecs. Th e Mayans also invented many new technologies to the world like ancient China. Except the Mayans vanished unlike other civilizations and many people still dont know why. 1 . George Kubler, The Art and Architecture of Ancient America (Baltimore,MD Penguin Books, 1962), page 114-201, accessed October 28, 2010, http//www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=8129097. 2 .John S Henderson, The World of Ancient Maya (Ithaca, NY Cornell University, 1997), page 1-255, accessed October 28, 2010. 3 . Columbia University, The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th 2009 ed. (New York Columbia University Press, 2009), s. v. Maya, accessed January 5, 2011, http//www. questiaschool. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=117023420 4 . 1. Michelle Ayache, The Ancient Maya, accessed October 27, 2010, http//www. digitalmeesh. com/maya/history. htm. 5 . Herbert J Spinden, Ancient Civilizations of Mexico and Central America (New York Biblo and Tannen, 1968), page 80-250, accessed January 4, 2011, http//www. uestiaschool. com/PM. qst? a=o &d=104407482. 6 . George Kubler, The Art and Architecture of Ancient America (Baltimore,MD Penguin Books, 1962), page 156-210, accessed October 28, 2010, http//www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=8129097 7 . Columbia University, The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th 2009 ed. (New York Columbia University Press, 2009), s. v. Maya, accessed January 5, 2011, http//www. questiaschool. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=117023420. 8 . George Kubler, The Art and Architecture of Ancient America (Baltimore,MD Penguin Books, 1962), page 114-201, accessed October 28, 2010, http//www. uestia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=8129097 9 . John S Henderson, The World of Ancient Maya (Ithaca, NY Cornell University, 1997), page s, accessed October 28, 2010. 10 . Herbert J Spinden, Ancient Civilizations of Mexico and Central America (New York Biblo and Tannen, 1968), page s, accessed January 4, 2011, http//www. questiaschool. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=104407482. 11 . Herbert J Spinden, Ancient Civilizations of Mexico and Central America (N ew York Biblo and Tannen, 1968), page s, accessed January 4, 2011, http//www. questiaschool. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=104407482

Issues in Caribbean Development

CARIBBEAN STUDIES MODULE TWO ISSUES IN CARIBBEAN DEVELOPMENT TOPIC THE consolidation MOVEMENT 1. The evolution of compact, CARIFTA, CARICOM, OECS, ACS 2. The achievements and challenges of any THREE of the following * Caribbean Community (Caricom) * University of the westernmost Indies (UWI) * Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC) * West Indies Cricket Board (WICB) * Caribbean Tourism Organisation (CTO) * Caribbean Single Market and thrift (CSME) * Regional Security System (RSS) A// The West Indian compact (1958 1962) One of the first major attempts at regional integration was the formation of the West Indian Federation of 1958.Member affirms included * Antigua * Barbados * British Guiana * Dominica * Jamaica * Montserrat * St kitts/Nevis/Anguilla * St Vincent * St lucia * Trinidad and Tobago The Federal government was headed by an Executive governor-General, appointed by Britain and included * A Prime diplomatic minister, elected from among and by the members of the hearth of Representatives * A Cabinet, comprising the Prime Minister and ten other elected Members chosen by him * A Council of State presided over by the Governor General. The Council included the Prime Minister and Members of the Cabinet as well as three senators and three civil servants.The senators and civil servants were chosen by the Governor General. (The Council of State was the principal policy (decision)-making body at the start of the Federation. In 1960 Britain agreed to abolish this Council and allow the Cabinet to take over the powers of the Council) * A forty five-member House of Representatives, with Members elected from among the Territories and * A nineteen-member Senate, nominated by the Governor General following consultation with the Prime Minister The Governor General was Lord Hailes of Britain and the Prime Minister was Sir Grantley Adams, ( premier(a) of Barbados).The Federal capital was located in Trinidad and Tobago. During its brief existence (1958-62), a number of fundamental issues were debated with a view to strengthening the Federation. Among these were direct tax income by the Federal Government, Central planning for development, Establishment of a Regional Customs Union and Reform of the Federal Constitution. The issue of direct taxation was particularly controversial. The Federation was not permitted to levy (impose) income tax for at least the first five years of its life.Added to this, were the greatly differing positions among the Territories with respect to how other federal taxes should be levied. In addition, the Federation began quickly to seek to give federal institutions and keep uping structures. It created a federal civil service established the West Indies Shipping Service (in 1962) to operate devil multipurpose ships the Federal Maple and the Federal Palm donated to it by the Government of Canada.It had embarked also on negotiations to acquire the subsidiary of the British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC), namely British West Indies Airways (BWIA). Cooperation in tertiary education was consolidated and expanded during this period. The then University College of the West Indies (UCWI), which was established in 1948 with one campus at Mona, Jamaica, opened its second campus at St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago, in 1960. The Federation however faced several problems.These included the governance and administrative structures imposed by the British disagreements among the territories over policies, particularly with respect to taxation and central planning an unwillingness on the part of most Territorial Governments to give up power to the Federal Government and the location of the Federal Capital. The important development, which led to the demise of the Federation was the withdrawal of Jamaica the largest member after conducting a national referendum in 1961 on its continued participation in the arrangement.The results of the referendum showed majority support in favour of withdrawing from the Federation. This was to lead to a movement within Jamaica for national independence from Britain. It also led to the now famous statement of Dr Eric Williams, the then Premier of Trinidad and Tobago that, one from ten leaves nought, referring to the withdrawal of Jamaica and signifying and justifying his decision to withdraw Trinidad and Tobago from the Federal arrangement a short while later. The Federation collapsed in January 1962.AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 1. To strengthen the movement for self-importance government 2. To promote frugal development 3. To safeguard the democratic system of government vis a vis dictatorship and communism ACHIEVEMENTS 1. Federation facilitated the movement from colonialism to independence through with(predicate) a united voice 2. The coming together of small states strengthened their effectiveness in dealing with worldwideist bodies such as the United Nations REASONS FOR distress 1. The masses were not educated on the importance of Federation 2. Communication among the islands including shipping, telephone and postal operate was inefficient 3. Envy and jealously among member states from their varying levels of scotch prosperity 4. Distrust by the smaller states of the larger members (Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica) proposal to prematurely change the constitution of the Federation B//CARIFTA (1968 1973) The Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA) was founded by Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Guyana, and Trinidad and Tobago on 15 December 1965, with the signing of the Dickenson Bay Agreement (the Agreement establishing theCaribbean Free Trade Association). They were joined on 1 July, 1968 by Dominica, Grenada, St Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla, Saint Lucia and St Vincent and the Grenadines and on 1 August, 1968 by Montserrat and Jamaica. In 1971 Belize (then British Honduras) joined the Association. These Caribbean countries had recently become independent, and CARIFTA was intended to unite their economies and to give them a joint presence on the international scene.Specifically, CARIFTA was intended to encourage balanced development of the Region by increasing mint buying and selling more goods among the Member States diversifying trade expanding the variety of goods and services available for trade liberalising trade removing tariffs and quotas on goods produced and traded within the playing field ensuring f stemma competition setting up rules for all members to follow to protect the smaller enterprises In addition to providing for free trade, the Agreement sought to ensure that the benefits of free trade were equitably distributed promote industrial development in the LDCs promote the development of the coco industry (through an Oils and Fats Agreement) which was significant in many of the LDCs rationalise agricultural production but in the interim, facilitate the marketing of selected agricultural products of particular interest to the LDCs (through the pastoral Marketing Protocol) and p rovide a longer period to phase out customs duty on certain products which were more important for the revenue of the LDCs In 1972, Commonwealth Caribbean leaders at the Seventh Heads of Government Conference decided to transform the Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA) into a Common Market and establish the Caribbean Community, of which the Common Market would be an integral part. The signing of the Treaty establishing the Caribbean Community, Chaguaramas, 4th July 1973, was a defining moment in the history of the Commonwealth Caribbean. Although a free-trade area had been established, CARIFTA did not provide for the free movement of labour and capital, or the coordination of agricultural, industrial and foreign policies.The objectives of the Community, identified in Article 6 of the Revised Treaty, are to remedy standards of living and work the full employment of labour and other factors of production accelerated, coordinated and sustained economic development and convergen ce expansion of trade and economic relations with third States enhanced levels of international competitiveness organisation for increased production and productivity achievement of a greater measure of economic supplement and effectiveness of Member States in dealing with third States, groups of States and entities of any description and the enhanced co-ordination of Member States foreign and foreign economic policies and enhanced functional co-operation. In 1973, CARIFTA became the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). C//CARICOM The agreement giving birth to the Caribbean Community and public Market (CARICOM) was signed on July 4, 1973 at Chaguaramas in Trinidad and Tobago. Effective operation of Caricom began on August 1, 1973. Main objectives include 1.To improve the economic development of member states through the introduction of free trade. 2. Co operation among member countries in the areas of shipping, air transport, meteorological services, health, education, culture etc.. 3. To establish common policies in dealing with non-member states and transnational corporations D//OECS Organization of Eastern Caribbean States The organization of Eastern Caribbean states (OECS) was established on June 18, 1981 with the signing of a treaty among the following countries 1. Antigua and Barbuda 2. Dominica 3. Grenada 4. Montserrat 5. St Kitts/Nevis 6. St Lucia 7. St Vincent and the Grenadines Objectives 1.To promote development by the formation of a common market among member states 2. To deal more effectively with international bodies by forming a common foreign policy 3. To assist each other in defending and maintaining political independence OECS member states have a common Eastern Caribbean Currency, they all belong to the Lesser Antilles, they are all small, independent states, share common strategies for development, a common Central Bank, a common High Court and a Joint Stock exchange. ACS Association of Caribbean States The association of Caribbean States is a n orgsanisation which at present consists of 25 Member states, 3 Associate members and 14 countries with percipient status. ObjectivesThe ACS was inaugurated on July 02, 1995 with its administrative office in POS, Trinidad. The main objectives of the Association relate to cooperation, discussion and action leading to the sustainable development of the entire Caribbean region. These include 1. Incorporating the corporal human and physical resources of the Caribbean for economic, social, cultural and technological advancement 2. Maximizing the potential of the Caribbean Sea by working with member states and other organizations 3. To encourage increased trade and investment opportunities through cooperation 4. To provide new and improved measures to promote the cultural identities of its members.

Pharmacy Sales and Inventory System Essay

Chapter IThe Background and its SettingIntroductionTime is very important in every people especially when we do our job. We have make all at the correct time so that we can meet the quota of the company every day. It is difficult in doing all things manually particularly when youve lack of time to do this, like counting the number of items that are already exchange, how much is the total amount and determinable number of the sways of individually medicine. The problem in manual is that, a pharmacy assistant has a great chance to make some errors and fraud in pedigree because in the processing of gross revenue and inventory usually begins when a customer bought a medicine over the counter and some generation they have made a unlawful total amount of medicine by means of confusion and crowdedness of the customers. They couldnt determine faster the number of stocks of each item and the out of stock.Since it is often times that the managers do not have enough time or information to check the items sold and remaining, they dont even know the exact touchstone of stocks of the medicine. For the customer, the main problem is that they are waiting for the pharmacy assistant that is looking for the medicine they intended to buy, if they have the particular brand of medicine that they are get or are they still have a stock. It is also a waste of time to the part of customer. So the main focus of the study is on how can be easily know the amount and quantity of medicine with less effort to the employee and improve the accurate information in a receipt. This subject shows about the inventory system.The Pharmacy Sales and Inventory system is accessible by an administrator. They can customize the interface which can add, edit, filter, and monitor all stock of medicines in the pharmacy. This system will show all the changes made by the administrator.Background of the StudyToday, computer has become a part of life. It is evident that about of the countrys institutions still do not use the high technology. Particularly inpharmacies, daily transactions, inventories and record of gross sales are still through on paper. People know that modern pharmacies are now operating at great pace striving to serve as many customers as possible with the best of their abilities. But as the years goes by, the number of customers has grown and various cases arise that the manual method of managing customers transactions, inventories and updating sales, is no longer practical. In this study, researchers hope to develop a system that will minimize all works of manual methods, therefore allowing owners ease in updating inventory a system that is fully automated, user-friendly, time effective and efficient.Owner knows that number of customers continually increase, managing a pharmacy can also become increasingly difficult, especially if everything is through with(p) manually. The researcher will tend to make a system for the easier way of providing information abou t the product bought, sold, and stored. In addition, the system will attempt to get out receipts using the new system to show the effectiveness of modernizing the companys current system. This system tends to improve the accuracy and efficiency of the process done by the company. The convenience of this new system will help to promote the company as well as to help its employees do an easier task for the sweetening of the system process.Statement of the ProblemThe study will enhance the existing inventory control system for pharmacies for a better inventory management and to exterminate/reduce risks of errors and fraud. It will seek to answer what enhancement and design the pharmacy can adopt for a more effective and efficient inventory system. The researchers goal to answer the following1.Will the system go up satisfaction to pharmacies in terms ofa.Reliabilityb.Maintainabilityc.Portabilityd.Functionalitye.Security2.Does Pharmacy Sales and Inventory System helps pharmacist i n their management processes and sales?a.Time Efficiencyb.Accuracyc.Convenience3.Does the system will provide correct and reliable information to the pharmacy?a.Information accuracyb.Data consistency4.Does the system will help provide practised quality of service to customers in terms ofa.Quality of productsb.Faster transactionsSignificance of the StudyThis system provides more efficient and faster transactions to pharmacies. It will also provide better service to the customers. Pharmacist- improves stock management, because the system automatically tells what products are lacking and expired. Customer- provides faster transaction and less time of waiting because the pharmacist can give all the information of the product. Administrator- enables to improve the control of the system and also enables to improve the design, the efficiency of the system.Theoretical FrameworkThis Inventory System is important for any transmission line particularly in Pharmacies. An inventory system must symmetry having enough inventories on hand to meet the demand of customers while investing as petty money as possible in inventory. The scope of an inventory system considers which needs the inventory system addresses. These include valuing the inventory, measuring the change in inventory and planning for rising inventory levels. The value of the inventory at the end of each period provides a basis for financial reporting on the balance sheet.Measuring the change in inventory allows the company to determine the cost of inventory sold during the period. The inventory level and changes allow the company to plan for future inventory needs. This Pharmacy Information System is a computerized system that handles many one of many outpatient functions, such as taking prescription orders, prescription entry, and set of the medications, to fill and refill medication, medication inventory, and the financial management and purchasingConceptual FrameworkScope and LimitationThis system will focus on the magnetic inclination of the medicine in the pharmacy that will keep the computerized record of the medicines, it will also store the details of the medicines and can print all the records, and all the sales will be stored in the sales history and the changes will be recorded at the change log, so that the community in the place/ city will assure in this system. Only the IT personnel can edit the prizes and the stock of medicine and only the pharmacist can access this system.Definition of termsSales and Inventory System- software-based solution used to simultaneously track sales activity and inventory Pharmacy- a store where medicinal drugs are dispensed and sold Data- fast and statistics collected together for reference or analysis Medicinal Drugs- something that treats or prevents or alleviates the symptoms of disease Pharmacist- a person who is professionally qualified to desex and dispense medicinal drugs Customer- a person that buys goods or services from a store or business

International Business Essay

In present time and age globalisation has gained much more importance then what it had about thirty years ago. No doubt globalisation started ever since human being existed on this planet, but it is observed that in this era geographical boundaries has a genuinely little part to play, when it comes to trade, culture, travelling and communication. Effects of this integration of different economies testament have its outcomes and m each of them can be seen already.In most countries however due to Globalization one can see the growing concern regarding employment and income distribution (Lee & Vivarelli 2006, p. 168). Based on qualative and quantative analysis this paper would come with the conclusion to draw out wether globalisation is beneficial for everybody or the complete opposite. Globalisation means increment flows of trade, finance and actors of production across the border, with the cooperate of faster transportation and effective communication theory set up.It is globa lisation which is compeletly responsible for making this orbit a global village. With globalisation, inter content bonds develop not just amongst specific groups of countries but across a wide global network in which factors of production or finished well behaveds can move freely. The second era of globalisation that we are now alimentation has come as a outcome of a numerous factors, not only because of of internet (which has allowed the speedy flows of massive volumes of information) but also because of intense transmutes in institutional environments.The sparing ideas of the 1970s promoted moves towards financial liberalisation and deregulation within a large number of OECD countries during the 1980s and 1990s, the policy approaches of the Bretton Woods institutions were also modify with the Washington Consensus being built upon the promotion of economic severity, privatisation and liberalisation Stiglitz and Gualerzi (cited in Baddeley 2006, p 392). Furthermore, Baddeley c laims that this deregulation has made the movement of capital and factors of production across national boundaries, contributing to the globalisation processIn most countries, however, the current wave of globalization has been accompanied by increasing concern about its impact in terms of employment and income distribution (Lee & Vivarelli 2006). Evidence has been provided from group studies to explain that globalisation does promotes emergence by Dreher (cited in Baddeley 2006, p 393). However, it has been argued that the benefits do not essentially help to alleviate poverty.Krugman and Venables( cited in (cited in Baddeley 2006, p 393) emphasize that globalisation has the potential to benefit less- essential nations but at the start globalisation will worsen ball in fittedity but then it will reduce it down. For exampleas transport costs fall below a threshold, developing nations suffer received income declines. Falling transport costs allow core nations to exploit greater eco nomies of scale in manufacturing to the loss of manufacturing sectors in developing economies. Labour demand will fall in peripheral nations and rise in core nations as a consequence.Milanovic (cited in Baddeley 2006, p. 394) completely discards the view of globalisation as something that would benefit any preservation, he also provides evidence that, since 1870, globalisation has worsen international inequality with particularly prominent increases in inequality during the 19781998 globalisation era. He argues that the blow on less developed countries have been severe which means per capita GDP has not increased in Africa and a number of less developed countries are in a financial crisis and many transition economies are facing extraordinary levels of debt.The point worth mentioning here is that globalisation has increased the level of business military action all around the world but to be honest for many developing countries this is of very little use rather it is to the their detriment. Now when the host bucolic provides its repulse and resources, it is just like other economies eating away host countries resources. Plus all the profits are gone somewhere else. And the story does not end here, on the other side developing countries have always been forcing all the countries to reduce the amount of tariff and import duties and talking about how good free trade is.Now the rich countries enjoy economies of scale therefore the imported goods in some poor countries are cheaper than their own home fundament industry products. This discourages the economy of developing countries and does not allow it to become self sufficient. (Kaplinsky 2001, p. 60) When we look at the labour market outcomes, (Wood 1998, p. 1463) explains that there have been gaps between proficient and unskilled labour both in terms of wages and in terms of unemployment rates and claims that globalisation is the most likely cause for this rising inequality. Feenstra 1998, p. 37) adds outs ourcing into the reasearch to parent that the outcomes of globalisation on employment and wages will be comparable to the outcomes of skills-biased technological innovation.Which means demand for skilled labour in less developed countries will rise but the demand for unskilled labour will fall contributing to wage inequality. Even though globalisation has encouraged factor price equalisation, it has been at the expense of lower incomes for low-skilled workers. (Williamson 1997, p. 5) explains that factor-price convergence in the earlier stages of globalisation improved conditions for unskilled workers in Europe but made the web site worse for poor unskilled workers in the new global village. As per the concept of comparative advantage, trade and FDI both should take advantage of the cheap and pronto available amount of labour in developing countries and so generate a movement of specialization in domestic labour intensive Activities and, ultimately, an blowup in local employment (Lee & Vivarelli 2006, p. 170)On the contrary Heckscher-Ohlin recent research leads to the conclusion that the employment impact of increasing trade is not necessarily supreme for a developing unsophisticated. In a developing country, the final employment impact of increasing trade depends on the interaction between productivity growth and output growth both in traded-goods sectors and in non-traded sectors. The final outcome cannot be assessed for different reasons. On the one hand, export may involve demand-led economic and employment growth, but on the other hand imports may displace previously protected domestic firms, inducing labour redundancy.Moreover, in the presence of bring constraints (lack of infrastructure, scarcity of skilled labour, under-investment, labour market inefficiencies), productivity growth may exceed output growth even in the exporting sectors, to the detriment of chore creation Fosu and Reddy (Lee & Vivarelli 2006, p. 171). Finally, lucky sectors of the domestic economy e. g. agriculture, public administration, construction, non-traded services may act as labour sinks, often implying hidden unemployment and underemployment in the informal labour market .Shifting the center of attention from trade to FDI inflows, when a developing country opens its borders to foreign capital, FDIs generate positive employment effects directly and indirectly through job creation by suppliers and retailers. They also produce a tertiary employment effect by generating extra incomes and in that way increasing total demand (Sanjaya 2004, p. 91). By comparing the labour intensities of exported, imported and non-traded goods, it is sorted out that in 21 out of 39 sampled developing country which is an increase in the level of trade resulted in an increase in employment.In the remaining group of 18 countries, however, increased integration in the global economy produced a reduction in employment which is the opposite of (Heckscher-Ohlin theorem). In rea lity inequality comes from a bunch of other sources corruption, the overextended power of states, technological change, demographic change and diseases, the spread of AIDS in Africa etc. Globalisation, engagement with the wider changes in the world, is as crucial for the less developed countries as it is for the more developed ones.No country which has cut itself off from the wider world has prospered. Take a look at North Korea or Burma to see what happens to a country which tries to simply isolate itself from the world economy. Future is not in regionalism or dull protectionism. That does not mean you should simply accept free trade. Industries should only be opened up to markets when received favourable conditions prevail. Nonetheless, you do need to tackle with the wider global economy. The main challenge for poorer countries is to find what circumstances of that engagement are (Giddens 2000)People on both sides of this confer have been very swift to draw conclusions about the Impacts of globalization from their measured poverty numbers. The title of a book published recently by the international Forum of Globalization asks Does globalization help the poor? and the book confidently answers the question with a big no. The back cover of Bhalla (2002) asks Who has gained from globalization? and answers with equal confidence the poor. However, readers of neither book will become any wiser about the answer to these questions than when they started.Actually neither book contains the sort of analysis that would be requisite to convincingly allow acknowledgment of the claimed changes in poverty and inequality to globalization. I am not given any evidence that would allow me to identify the theatrical role played by greater openness to external trade in the distributional changes observed, against other factors such as rising agricultural productivity, demographic factors, changes in the distribution and returns to education and internal policy reforms (Ra vallion, p. 15). Globalisation is like a fire, a form of force which is bad if not controlled but useful if channelled responsibly.

Alternative Method for Onsite Sewage Disposal

WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT DESIGN Term Paper 1 ALTERNATIVE METHOD FOR ONSITE SEWAGE DISPOSAL (29 Pages) March 2nd, 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION3 2. INFORMATION4 3. 1 Soil submerging corpse in a putrefacient army tank4 3. 2 Soil Failures6 3. 3 Soils7 3. ALTERNATIVE METHODS FOR ONSITE TREATMENTS 8 AND SYSTEMS OF DISPOSALS 4. 4 Alternative method for basis word and disposal agreements8 4. 5 Alternative treatment devices13 4. 6 In-ho intake novelty of waste piss16 4. edict OF ALTERNATIVE ONSITE SYSTEMS21 5. CONCLUSION22 6. 7 Funding of existing solid ground onsite programs22 6. Operation and of importtenance22 6. 9 Failing come onlines23 6. 10 Water Conservation24 References25 List of Figures26 1. 0 INTRODCUTION Nearly 30% of the homes in the coupled States of America depend on onsite wastewater treatment and disposal. This percentage remained constant for the last 2 decades and is also estimated to be constant in the coming future. It is estimated that up to pe erless half of the septic tanks do not perpetrate perfectly or may even fail even forwards their expected life. The risk of pollution of grime water and surface water quality increases with the failing of an onsite arrangement.These response in degradation of water quality, health hazards, eruption of diseases and lowered property values. Nation eachy septic tank leachate is the most frequently inform cause for the contamination of the ground water and consumption of contaminated ground water is responsible for all over 50% of all reported outbreaks of waterborne diseases. Lack of affordable and hard-hitting onsite sewage disposal is a national issue. little than 35% of the land in the United States of America is suitable for received septic tank speck denseness systems.These limitations and requirements engender replyed in developing galore(postnominal) alternatives for onsite technologies. This study discusses recent research on alternative onsite technologies. 2 . INFORMATION 2. 1 Soil Absorption System in a Septic Tank The soil denseness system in a septic tank is one of the most common treatment systems onsite. This soil assiduousness system consists of a septic tank, a water tight container which is usually large, and a theatre of physical processs of soil absorption. It also contains a serial of perforated tube-shaped structures that be buried in the soil. This system performs two functions, the treatment of wastewater and the disposal.The septic tank lets biological treatment by removing large solids and greases. Further treatment followed by the final disposal is provided by the soil absorption dramaturgy. A septic tank is made up of a large container which is water tight (usually carbon0gal). This container is generally buried slightly at a lower assign the ground and also adjacent to the building to which it is serving. The greases and fats argon collected in a social class on the upper liquid surface whereas the solid s settle to the bottom of the inning of the tank. For the liquid to be fulfil from the layers between the solids and the scum, an outlet is constructed in the septic tank.For approximately e actually trey years, the solids and scum ar pumped from the tank. The treatment or stabilization of contaminants in the wastewater atomic number 18 treated by anaerobic microorganisms. This process occurs in the absence of O2. The soil absorption bailiwick consists of a series of pipes. These pipes be placed in trenches which ar usually 2 to 3 feet wide and 2 to 4 feet deep. These pipes are perforated. The pipes are placed in torment and it is covered with top soil. The wastewater from the septic tank first flows down to the pipes, thus out of the perforations and finally is absorbed by the adjacent soil.The microorganisms in the soil below the trenches absorb and treat the organic material in the outgoing. This treated water percolates into ground water or may also evaporate. 2. 2 FAILURES The main causes for the failure of the system are * The water table creation very high. * The surrounding soil existence impermeable. * Improper Construction * Lacking in tutelage of the tank. The fai lead system can usually be defined as * When sewage effluent is collected on the surface of the ground. * When the wastewater is no longer being evacuated by the potfuls or drainage systems.Main Causes for these types of Failures * Clogging of the Soil nether the system * The rising of the water table to very conclude of the dispersal trenches. * The soil being impermeable. The Clogging of the soil is being considered as the required occurrence for a soil absorption system over a period. The design of the system, the maintenance of the tank, and the characteristics and count of wastewater being treated greatly influence the rate of clogging. The immediate clogging of the soil is also occurred when proper pumping of the septic tank is neglected.If the soil to a lower p lace the field of soil absorption is too permeable, even then the system failures occur. If this happens then the effluent reign overly enters the ground water without proper treatment in the soil. In this case it becomes more difficult to identify, as there are no problems that can be found out or noticed in the disposal system. A sample of ground water may be taken to get wind such failures. 2. 3 SOILS The ultimate disposal of the liquid wear of the wastes treatment process depends chiefly on soil for all onsite systems. The soil also provides the ultimate treatment in most of the onsite systems.The wastewater is made absolve of contaminant sectionicles when the contaminants pass by soil by contact with the aerobic microorganisms and also absorption to soil particles. The pathogens and contaminants are completely removed from the wastewater if it travels easily through 2 to 4 feet of unsaturated soil. If at all the wastewater is travelled quickly the treatment is not done completely and resulting in the contamination of the underground water. Even if the wastewater travels too behind the saturation of the soil takes place aerobic treatment will also not take place.The clock at which the wastewater is to be passed should be determined by the soil permeability. It is mainly affected by texture and structure of the soil. The texture of the soil authority the physical nature of the soil with respect to portions of sand, silt and clay. The travelling of the water depends on the particle coat of the soil. It travels quickly through the vulgar soil and slowly in clayey soils. Soils whose structure is stable will allow more water to pass through than that of those soils whose structure is unstable.The kind of soil absorption system that has to be determined is mainly based on the characteristics of the soil. 3. 0 ALTERNATIVE METHODS FOR ONSITE TREATMENTS AND SYSTEMS OF DISPOSALS The conventional septic tank absorption system is used in slight than 35% of the land in the United States of America. at that place are just about areas that are not suitable for the conventional absorption system because of the soil. For the past several(prenominal)(prenominal) years alternative methods to the conventional method of absorption system gestate been provided to develop effective sewage treatment to those soils which were formerly not suitable.Most of the alternative methods are still in the experimental stage. This chapter describes the ongoing status of the research being carried out on a number of alternative methods to the conventional septic tank-soil absorption system. The alternative systems for the soil absorption system are divided into three groups * Alternative method for soil treatment and disposal systems * Alternative treatment devices * vicissitude of wastewater in-house 3. 1 ALTERNATIVE METHOD FOR SOIL TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL SYSTEMS The main factor in identifying the onsite sewage treatment and disposal systems is the so il.For this reason, the research has been mainly focused mainly on developing alternative soil absorption methods. Five alternatives to the standard soil absorption field are described here. Of which three of them are the alternative methods of distributing effluent to standard soil absorption field, a mound or fill system, and an evapotranspiration system. Soil Clogging over time is an unavoidable occurrence for soil absorption systems. This problem is caused by the manner in which effluent Is delivered to the system.The flows occur to a soil absorption field when the effluent is displaced from a septic tank by a water use event in the household. Such low volumes and irregular waste utilize only a fiddling portion of the disposal trench area on all times. These cause clogging, advanced creeping failure and localized overloading. The following figure illustrates how the progressive failure reaches a pronounce of equilibrium along the entire absorption field with respect to the t ime. To provide more uniform application of effluent over the complete trench area two systems have been developed. The two systems are Dosing system and Pressure Distribution systems.DOSING SYSTEMS The dosing systems are present in the dosing tank. These dosing systems store the pretreated effluent and apply large doses to the soil absorption field by gravity, siphon or pump at regular intervals of time. The surface of the soil is returned to an unsaturated characterise by allowing the system to drain. The soil type determines the frequency of dosing. It usually ranges from one to four doses per daylight. EALUATION The specific cause for soil clogging is not well understood, and some question still exists whether dosing is effective or not. Clogging still occurs in dosing systems as well as standard systems.More research and careful tracking of installed systems is necessary. An supererogatory dosing chamber and pump adds up to approximately $880 to $1000 to the price of the sta ndard system. REGULATORY STATUS W alterington State Guidelines for dosing systems have been issued. There are 57 systems on the state inventory. PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS Pressure distribution systems comparable the dosing system store pretreated effluent for periodic distribution to the soil absorption field. Diameters of small radius are used to pump the effluent over the entire absorption field. The pressure distribution system provides the most uniform distribution.Such accurate distribution avoids the localized overloading problems. The additional benefit of dosing are also achieved with the Pressure Distribution system. EVALUATION The Pressure distribution systems are mostly suitable for permeable and coarse textured soils. This is because they improve the potential for treatment by the distribution of the effluent evenly over the entire absorption field and reduce the potential for direct bypass of effluent to the ground water. The installation embody, operational exi st and the maintenance cost are much more in a pressure distribution system when compared with the gravity system.This is because of the additional cost of the dosing chamber and pumps which approximately adds to $800 to $1000 to the price of a standard system. The cost of installation of the absorption field is kindred to that of the standard field. It is obvious that these systems result in the most effective treatment in coarse textured soils, but it is not clear whether or not the life of the absorption field is long lasted in fine grained soils. REGULATORY STATUS Washington State Guidelines for pressure distribution Systems have been issued (revised SEPT 1984).There are a total of 52 systems on the state inventory. ALTERNATING DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS The effluent is not stored by the alternating distribution systems. Instead the disposing of the pretreated effluent is carried out between two separate absorption fields. These absorption fields are constructed in close proximity an d the fields are usually alternated annually. This allows the unused field to drain and aerobic decomposition of clogging mat to take place. The residential systems are generally constructed with two equal fields each containing 75% to 100% of the required surface area.EVALUATION Washington alternative system guidelines require each component field to contain 100% of the area required for a angiotensin converting enzyme field. In a conventional system it is also required that the soil meet its standards. Hence the installation cost is more and the benefit received is the increase life time of the absorption field. REGULATORY STATUS Washington state guidelines have been issued. There are two systems on the state inventory. MOUND OR FILL SYSTEMS This is a pressure distribution system installed in a mound constructed on top of the natural soil.Such systems are used when the GWL is too close to the surface or when the soil is not permeable enough or is too permeable. This mound is cons tructed of a coarse grained material usually sand through which the pretreated effluent travels before it reaches the original surface of the soil. Vegetable cover and top soil are used to cover the mound. Usually the soil absorption field is constructed below the top soil. The mound system is placed on the top of the top soil layer and thus gains the additional benefit of this soil layer for the treatment.The treated effluent is dispersed over laterally through the top soil until it is absorbed into the sub soil. EVALUATION These mound systems have emerged as an effective alternative for sites whose soils are unsuitable. Anyhow construction of a mound requires the transportation of large summates of new soil to the site and the mound must be carefully designed and constructed properly in order to see that no problem occurs in the future. The design and installation cost of the mound system can cost between $4000to$8000. Therefore this the last option for installation.REGULATORY S TATUS Final state guidelines have been issued for the mound systems and there are 257 systems on the state inventory. EVAPOTRANSPIRATION BEDS The evapotranspiration beds discharge the wastes into the disseminate instead of the soil. The use of such beds is not allowed in those areas where the annual evaporation is more than the annual precipitation. These beds are lined with water tight materials such as plastic, filled with crushed rock and sand, and again covered with top soil. Perforated pipe lines are used distribute pretreated effluents to the bed as in the conventional absorption system.EVALUATION Testing of 17systems took place in Easter Oregon and that revealed out poor performance. All but one of the systems developed holes in the linear. They allowed the untreated effluent to enter the ground water. REGULATORY STATUS An experimental system permit would be required for installation of the evapotranspiration beds. 3. 2 ALTERNATIVE TREATMENT DEVICES The focus has mainly been on the disposal systems in an onsite research in the USA. However there has been some interest in reducing the clogging of soil absorption fields. This has led to in improving the quality or purity of the effluent from treatment devices.If the purity of the effluent is improved then the clogging in coarse uncrystallised soils is reduced. There are 2 devices in the pretreatment of wastewater, the septic tank and the aerobic tank. To provide an extra treatment to the effluents from septic tank and aerobic tank several technologies have been developed. Some of the devices are capable enough to produce the effluent suitable for surface discharge. However the surface discharge is not allowed in all states and so these types of systems can be utilized to improve the performance of the soil absorption field. AEROBIC TANKSAn aerobic tank is a watertight container which runs on the utensil where the wastewater comes in contact with air. The decomposition of waste products takes place when they are in contact with the air. The separation of the solids and greases take place and the liquid waste is discharged into a disposal system. The solids must be pumped from the final chamber regularly. Aerobic tanks can reduce the BOD by 85% to 98% under ideal conditions and also reduce the Suspended Solids by 40% to 80%. A septic tank reduces BOD by 25% to 65% and suspend solids by 40% to 80%.EVALUATION Aerobic treatment devices are sensitive to any changes in the quantity of wastewater or the characteristics of the wastewater they are treating. In normal conditions, the effluent has not been shown to be of a higher purity than the septic tank effluent and the purity of the septic tank changes vastly with time. These are mechanical devices which require skilled men to operate it and also to maintain it. Since the aerobic tanks need regular inspections and frequent maintenances, they are best suited for conditions where the perplexity is done by Wastewater Management District or utility.REGULATORY STATUS Final state guidelines were issued in 1975 for the aerobic devices. No systems are illustrated on the state inventory. ANAEROBIC FILTERS These filters are mainly designed to provide secondary treatment to septic tank effluent before they discharge to a soil absorption system. The filter is a water tight container which is filled with crushed rock or other soil type which will support microbial growth. effluent is treated when it comes in contact with anaerobic organisms on the surfaces of the anaerobic filters. EVALUATION Development is still in the experimental stage for small residential systems.It is reported that anaerobic filters can reduce the BOD of septic tank effluent by 30% to 80% and can further reduce fecal coliform by 43% to 95%. No additional source of energy is required and the maintenance cost is almost similar to that for a septic tank. Cost Estimations are not available. More research and field tests are needed. REFULATORY STATUS No sta te guidelines are there for anaerobic filters and an experimental system permit would be required. SAND FILTERS Many sand filter designs have been installed on an experimental basis for residential onsite use.Sand filters operate by directing pretreated effluent into or onto a layer of sand allowing it to drain through the sand where aerobic decomposition of the wastewater takes place and collecting the filtrate in a perforated pipe at the bottom of the filter. Filters may be constructed either above or below the ground. The systems that are constructed below the ground can be contained in a water tight vault or can also be uncontained in direct contact with the surrounding soil. Some filters send back part of the filtrate through the filter for further treatment. The liquid filtrate is ultimately disposed of in a soil absorption field.Sand filters are capable of producing very high quality of effluent with reported BOD and SS reductions of 99% and 97%, respectively. EVALUATION The Oregon Department of Environmental quality has conducted extensive research into the use of sand filters for residential use. Their research has shown good success at improving the ability of soils to accept and treat effluent on sites with soils that are not bankable for the conventional systems. In cases where the soil conditions are very poor, an installation of sand filter is made to treat the effluent coming out of the septic tank before the disposal in the mound system.However this system might cost up to $1000. REGULATORY STATUS Washington State interim guidelines for sand filters have been issued and are currently being revised. 3. 3 IN-HOUSE ALTERATION OF WASTEWATER The main factors that are taken into consideration when designing onsite treatment and disposal systems are the quantity and quality of the wastewater being treated. These factors also have an important effect on the long term performance of those systems. Wastewater is created and its characteristics are dete rmined by the water use habits of the residents belonging to the household.The quality of the wastewater is also influenced by the water use habits of the residents. One technique of altering the waste stream is one technique considered to permit onsite treatment and disposal on sites with less suitable soils. HOUSEHOLD WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS Household wastewater characteristics vary widely with the time of day and the season. Wastewater from residential houses is affected by high utilization of water like the day of wash, holidays and guests and periods of no flow in times of vacations. Below are given the values of average residential wastewater.Typical household wastewater is 99. 9% water by weight, and 0. 02% to 0. 03% suspended solids, plus minor amounts of other soluble and insoluble organic and inorganic substances. Wastewater also contains bacteria, viruses and other microorganisms from the digestive tract, respiratory tract and skin. Some of the physical and chemical ch aracteristics of wastewater produced by various activities are listed below. TABLE 3. 1 HOUSEHOLD WASTEWATER PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION ACTIVITY BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND SUSPENDED SOILS Kitchen activities 42% 27% cleanse and showering 6. % 6. 8% Clothes washing 29. 9% 31. 3% Toilet Flushing 21. 8% 35. 8% TOTAL 100% 100% WASTE SEGREGATION Toilet flushes or black wastes contribute approximately 35% of the water, 36% of the suspended solids, and 68% of the total nitrogen to the household waste stream. The volume and pollutant load of remaining water which is called grey water is reduced if the toilet wastes are treated separately without using water. VAULT PRIVIES Vault privies and holding tank systems store the waste products from toilet in a storage vessel which is water tight and is pumped out periodically?EVALUATION The storage systems are generally used to amend a temporarily correct a failing system but not always applicable to residential uses. REGULATORY STATUS Washin gton state guidelines have been issued and the use is restricted to non-residential applications. INCINERATING TOILETS The use of natural gas and electricity is made to incinerate toilet wastes in the incinerating toilets. In these toilets the solids are reduced to ash and the liquids are evaporated and vented to the outside. Later the ash is disposed of at regular intervals of time.EVALUATION Incinerating systems consume energy either from electricity or from natural gas and should go through a fifteen minutes treatment cycle after every use. Five to Six wholes installed in Kentucky in the early 1970s had been run-down by 1978 because of high operation costs, associated doors and frequent problems of repairs. REGULATORY STATUS Washington state interim guidelines for incinerating toilets were issued. BIOLOGICAL TOILETS Biological toilets treat human wastes by composting. Composting takes place under specific conditions of temperature, moisture, exposure to Oxygen and the availabili ty of carbon and nitrogen.This process of composting usually results in a relatively dry end product which is at large(p) from harmful components. This end product is intended for disposal as a soil additive. To assure successful treatment of wastes, proper maintenance of design and operation of composting toilets in spite of appearance the composting chamber. There are two common designs used, (1) small units where the entire unit is on the floor in the toilet room and (2) large toilets where the composting unit is below the floor. EVALUATION Even though they have been in use for many years, the design of composting or biological toilets is still evolving.Field testing in the United States of America has resulted in some problems. Two studies sponsored by U. S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) and conducted in California and Oregon report generally poor performance including certain problems like excess buildup of liquid, problems caused by insects and rodents, structural fa ilures and incomplete treatment of wastes. For certain units to operate efficiently an added heat and forced ventilation are required. REGULATORY STATUS No existing regulations in the state of Ohio. GREYWATER TREATMENT AND DISPOSALGrey water contains concentrations of organic materials, solids, nutrients and fecal bacteria which require treatment to that of the total household wastewater. A significant amount of wastewater created can be reduced by segregating the waste. EVALUATION Even though the conventional treatment and disposal methods are required, the segregation of black wastes allows the size of the system to be reduced significantly. Septic tank size can be reduced by 50% and the capacity of the soil absorption field can be reduced by 40%. REGULATORY STATUS Guidelines for grey water treatment are included in the state regulations. . REGULATION OF ALTERNATIVE ONSITE SYSTEMS To prevent the spread of diseases, the need for regulation of onsite sewage disposal became necessary . However specific construction requirements are many times difficult to unfreeze in terms of preventing the spread of diseases. This difficulty led to vast differences in policy and allowed regulations to be influenced by political purposes as well as human race health purposes. A national survey of existing state codes in 1947 found considerable variation in requirements for onsite sewage disposal systems (Weibel, 1947, in Kreissl, 1982a).These findings prompted the U. S. ordinary Health Service to become involved, and in 1957 they published the manual of arms of Septic-Tank Practice. A survey of all the states was conducted in 1971 and showed that most state codes had incorporated the recommendations of the manual (Patterson, 1971, in Kreissl, 1984). Since that time, states have been revising their codes in response to local experience and new research. In 1980 the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency published a Design Manual for Onsite Wastewater Treatment and administratio n.Newer or alternative onsite treatment technologies are more complex than that of the conventional systems and incorporate pumps, recirculation piping, aeration, and other features (e. g. , greater generation of residuals) that require ongoing or periodic monitoring and maintenance. However, the current management programs of most of the jurisdictions do not typically oversee routine operation and maintenance activities or detect and respond to changes in wastewater loads that can overwhelm a system. In addition, in many cases onsite system planning and siting functions are not cogitate to larger ground water and watershed protection programs.The challenge for onsite treatment regulators in the new millennium will be to improve traditional health based programs for ground water and surface water protection while embracing a vigorous role in protecting and restoring the nations watersheds. 5. CONCLUSION There are important problems not addressed by existing regulations 5. 1 Funding of Existing State Onsite Programs The Department of Social and Health Services currently has 1. 8 staff statewide for the entire onsite program. Department officials estimate that 4 to 5 full time staff would be required to adequately perform the states duties (Lenning, 1987). . 2 Operation and Maintenance The U. S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) Design Manual for Onsite Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Systems (1980) suggests that there are three distinct phases in the life of onsite systems that required to be controlled. * Installation * Operation * Maintenance The above phases of installation, operational cost and maintenance cost cause problems that may result in system failures that threaten public health or damage the environment. Guidelines for alternative and experimental systems require some monitoring of operation as mentioned in Section 4. 2.The difference between using an onsite system and being connected to a municipal sewer is usually not known to the home possessors. particular(prenominal) operation and careful maintenance is required for an onsite system to function properly. For example, there might be a serious effect on the operation of an onsite system with the use of garbage grinders or excessive water volumes (Refer Chapter 3. 3). An important maintenance function for most of the systems is pumping of septic tank. If this is not done properly it may result in the rapid failure of the soil treatment and disposal system (Refer Chapter 2. 2).Special operation and maintenance requirements are present in most alternative systems so that they can function properly. As of now there are no statewide requirements for operation and maintenance of conventional or alternative onsite systems. There are two possibilities to control the onsite system operation and maintenance. * Regular Inspection and documentation of maintenance * Community or regional wastewater management districts REGULAR control AND DOCUMENTATION OF MAINTENANCE To ade quately protect public health and the environment regular maintenance of the onsite wastewater systems is required.In some areas, the local governments require the property owners to provide local health authorities with evidence that their wastewater system is being operated and maintained properly. Inspections are conducted by health officials or licensed single(a)s, such as plumbers who are well trained and also are certified to carry out inspections. COMMUNITY OR REGIONAL WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT DISTRICTS In the previous(prenominal) days onsite wastewater systems were considered temporary solutions until one of the areas were sewered. From then they have become an important wastewater treatment practice for many areas.The induced and often melodramatic growth can be reduced with onsite system in low density areas. With the help of an onsite system the high costs for the construction of the traditional concentrate sewer and treatment systems can also be reduced. The degradation of the ground water and the environment can be avoided if the management district sees that the maintenance of the onsite systems within the district is functioning properly or not. In some states wastewater management districts have been formed using a combination of alternative including individual and communal systems. . 3 FAILING SYSTEMS The repairs are usually difficult when a system fails because of its high repairing cost. The health officials find it difficult in the issues of failing systems. They are difficult to detect the cause of the failure and are even more difficult advance the defect or to repair it. There are two regulatory problems, related to alternate systems that arise when a system fails. * If there is not enough land to construct an approved switching system then a failing system may be located on this lot.If there is flexibility in the guidelines for the application of an alternative system or replacement systems, then this could allow people to improve t heir wastewater treatment system even if they are not able to meet all applications. * The Property owner not being able to afford the cost of an approved replacement system Some funding assistance is required to help low income householders to rectify the onsite system deficiencies. For example if the failing system is located on soil that is not suitable for a conventional system, an alternative system may be required.The installation cost and operational cost are very high for alternative systems. 5. 4 WATER CONSERVATION The advantages of water conservation on the treatment of soil and disposal systems are described in section 3. 3. Some of the advantages of water conservation are. * The performance of soil absorption system is increased. * Savings in energy costs * Potential for correcting a system which is failing Several applications for water conservation to regulate to onsite regulations are * Regulations allow for soil-absorption field sizes to be change magnitude when it can be shown that low water use fixtures require a decrease.However some officials might be hesitant to permit the decreases in soil absorption field size fearing that the occupants in future might install non efficient fixtures and cause the system to fail. * Water conservation can be a cost effective method for correcting the failures of the system (Refer section 3. 3). There are currently no state guidelines for the application of this method. * Some states like Oregon and California have enacted a legislation which requires the installation of some water efficient fixtures in new construction (Puget Sound Water Quality, 1986). REFERENCES 1.Metcalf and Eddy (2002) Wastewater Engineering Treatment, Disposal and Reuse, 4th Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, New York 2. Syed R Qasim, Wastewater Treatment Plants- Planning, Design and Operation, Second Edition. 3. Wikipedia www. wikipedia. org 4. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) FIGURES 1. Typical Septic Tank Soil Absorption System 2. Septic Tank (Adapted from Environmental Protection Agency, 1980) 3. Soil Absorption Field Cross Section 4. Typical Dosing Chamber with Pump 5. Mound System 6. Aerobic Treatment Unit (Aerobic Tank) 7. Sand Filter 8. Biological Toilets

Peter Pan Syndrome Essay

lance locomote syndrome, is exactly how it sounds. Its a disorder that is derived from the novel lance genus pan out written by J.M. Barrie that defines those who appear as an adult but their actions are quite barbarianlike. The dig Pans of present society see the adult world as very problematic and glorify adolescence, which is why they want to stay in that state of privilege, according to Humbelina Robles Ortega, professor of the Department of Personality, Evaluation and mental Treatment of the University of Granada and an expert in emotional disorders. Although it can affect both men and women it is often seen in the masculine population. The syndrome is developed through environmental factors, and cannot be genetically inherited.What formers puppet Pan syndrome?, you may ask. harmonize to top psychologist, it is do to overprotective parents. What this is exactly is that the parent is so overprotective that it does not allow the child to impart their own life experience s to bend up and learn on their own, so the child is in need of constant parenting. Dan Kiley, who defined Peter Pan syndrome in 1983, also suggests behind every Peter there is a Wendy. Thus creating the term Wendy syndrome, which is used for women who shadows their companions as a motherly purpose. Women with Wendy syndrome The consistent parenting figure in the somebodys life with PPS, Peter Pan syndrome, never gives them a chance to grow up. The typical PPS victim experienced a great deal of permissiveness in his upbringing. This led to a lack of self-discipline, demonstrated by laziness and irresponsibility, along with the inability to learn how to control their emotions.PPS may be diagnosed once the soul begins to show symptoms and signs. Certain symptoms are outbursts of emotion, expressing anger to the point of wrath, happiness that turns into extreme panic, frustration that leads to self-pity and/or depression, and they always feel guilty. The use of anger is used to push the person away that is trying to push reality upon them. throng diagnosed with this also show worry relaxing and can be truly undependable considering their childlike characteristics. They are also narcissistic with dependency and manipulation tendencies. Basically, this syndrome characterizes the personality of an immature person and also includes narcissistic behavior.Another serious problem people with Peter Pan syndrome have is growing consanguinitys. Referring back to the persons relationship with their parents, men often find themselves fixated on their mother. Usually because of their neutering with their mother, this is when they develop feelings of anger and guilt due to their conflicting feelings for their mother. The relationship with the father is at odds since the person diagnosed believe his love and approval is off limits. The hang up on their mother is what will cause difficulty in future relationships.Individuals with this syndrome have a hard time building relationships with peers. As a result they become depressed and feel desperately alone in their attempt to belong. They often take ont fix the problem though because their solution to any problem is to ignore the issue and until it disappears. just about people, especially men, with this diagnosis cannot have a real connection with friends because they believe they can only be bought. When they do get friends, they often drag their feet and cause a delay when hanging out because they address characteristics of the condition called narcissistic personality disorder.Males with PPS have trouble forestalling a love life as well. They tend to become easily extremely jealous and exhibit violent outbursts. If the woman tries to assert her independence, the male becomes easily provoked to fits of anger. They fear if the woman asserts their independence, thus theyll appear weak and not like a man in front of friends. This often causes the male to refuse to share feelings. This may resul t to having difficulty expressing love, especially when it comes to being sensitive. Men often pick younger women to have relationships with because that way they dont have to worry about responsibility such as settling down and having a family.People with the disorder could live a normal life. There is no physical or brain ladder change for those with this disorder. It may take energy from their partner, but with dedication they could show them having a committed relationship can be worthwhile too. If their partner begins to suffocate them then theyll scare them off, so its erupt to give them their own space. If it is a man, then make sure they still get their man spelunk. As long as both partners are understanding of the persons needs with PPS then itll work out.The only thing that could stop them from having a bad life would be the narcissistic characteristics of Peter Pan syndrome. They tend to be absorbed with imaginative comfort in their minds which attracts them to introsp ection. This leads them to be imprisoned by childhood fantasy, not the realities and difficulties of life that they need to overcome. In an attempt to avoid the realities of life, it could cause them to use proscribe drugs and abuse alcohol in an attempt to escape the obstacles of life.The only major complication of Peter Pan Syndrome for individuals having the disorder is not being able to build strong relationships. However, they remain unsuccessful at set about fears and responsibilities, and may also acquire other psychological disorders. According to research, people having Peter Pan Syndrome have very low self-esteem and are unmotivated leaving them feeling depressed. Individuals having Peter Pan Syndrome do not usually exhibit the self-confidence, motivation and determination that are keys for being successful.Treatment for Peter Pan syndrome is uncertain. Peter Pan syndrome is still unrecognized as a mental disorder by the American Psychiatric Association and WHO, which is why there is no specific treatment. There are therapies such as the wilderness therapy, which covers psychodrama, cognitive behavioral therapy, strength-based therapies, solution-focused therapy, trans-personal counseling, and family therapy. There is other treatment modalities as well, such as The heal Sound of Silence, Embracing The Twelve Step Philosophy, and Transforming Into An Effective Adult.The Healing Sound of Silence helps the individual keep away from refocusing their addiction on something else such as watching TV, com entruster games, drugs, etc. Instead, they put the focus on themselves and their issues in an attempt to get their life back on track. It allows them to learn the rudiments on how to face the real problems of life. The Twelve Step Philosophy is a camping therapy. Its a twelve-step program that helps them recognize the importance of a support system. They learn that every individual has a purpose and purpose. They also learn self care. The transformatio n into an effective adult is when the Peter Pan-like person begins taking responsibilities. regular(a) though there is no established cure for the disease, the only time that the person with Peter Pan Syndrome is treated is when the individual shows willingness and awareness of their disorder.Since Peter Pan Syndrome is a disorder caused by factors during childhood, any streak measures should be directed at parents and their awareness on how to raise a child. Parenting discussions should be organized, especially for teenaged parents so they are aware of techniques to teach their children about responsibilities. Also, the environmental factors still need to be considered when rise a child. The right role models should always be around as well for positive influence.