The importance of time management in organizations Essay

The enormousness of m management in organizations - Essay ExampleMajor, Klein and Ehrhart (2002) Jackson and Martin (1996) Teuchmann, Totterdell and Parker (1999) have studied in full stop the stress borne by managers and employees of an organisation to deliver on beat in the midst of an acute time-crisis. Adding on to these, Palmer and Schoorman (1999) have identified that the shortage of time in organisations result in employees performing multiple activities simultaneously. A number of studies on this subject have express that time is an important factor to consider darn formulating organisational behaviour models as it greatly affects an organisations business, operations and human resource (Wright, 2002 Ancona, Goodman, Lawrence and Tushman, 2001 George and Jones, 2000). As a corollary to their research, Macan (1994) studied the means employees of a family resort to for time management and also recommended several ship canal in which such initiatives can be bettered and in tegrated into a holistic effort. The shortage of time As per data collected from 557 managers of various companies as part of a recent survey by McKinsey & Company, unaccompanied 124 respondents stated that they be content with the way their time is assigned to different tasks against a contrasting 433 respondents who stated that they were discontent. These 500 respondents were categorised into 4 groups 1. Managers who spend most of their time at their desk and cannot find time to put forward support and motivation to their subordinates on a personal basis. 2. Managers who mostly spend most of their time away(predicate) from their desk and cannot find time to attend important meetings or sit eat and formulate corporate strategies. 3. Managers who pass most of their time with their subordinates and cannot find time to interact with the stakeholders of the company. 4. Managers who are actively involved in responding to abrupt challenges and crises within the organisation, and c annot find time to take part in long-term strategy formulations. The study indicates that managers are increasingly feeling the heat of performing too many tasks in too little time. most of them feel that their work hours are not sufficient to cater to all their responsibilities. Some of the reasons for lack of time may be identified as the constant need to communicate with multiple stakeholders on either little work progress the added burdens of globalisation such as, different time zones and more complex organisational hierarchies and the over-aggressiveness of companies in the midst of a global financial crisis. The consequences of such shortage of time also flow down to the end employees who are led by the managers. This often leads to unorganised, non-synchronous activities within an organisation. Although companies consider lack of time as a personal problem of employees and not of their concern, its impacts are far-reaching and are directly associated with a companys working principles and performance. The study clearly shows that time is not considered during formulating corporate strategies and assigning roles and responsibilities. Most companies perceive time as an infinite resource that constantly flows in, but the fact is that just like money, the time-related capabilities of a company are also limited. Time is essential to plan, track and manage

Final exam Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Final exam Questions - Essay Example-Training and development of human resource The depth psychology is used to examine the employees needs in training and development of processes. The variation between the actual and expect output influences the degree of training required by employees. It also enables in determination of training tools content, and equipment to be used in training and those training methods to be put to use.-Employee compensation management job outline plays a key role in determining payment packages, benefits, variable and fixed incentives and extra perks of employees. These payments account on theresponsibilities and duties, position and job titles involved in specific jobs.Job design The key endeavor of analysis is development in human recourse efforts and releasing the best output. It assists in designing, enriching, redesigning and adding or natural back extra duties and responsibilities in a specific job. This ensures employee satisfactionas well as incr ease human outputIn lateral career path, employees move to equivalent duties and responsibilities in an organization. This move is commonly with a similar job title and salary range at a similar level. In this career path, the employees job responsibilities change hence affording the employees new chances.The company should spread abroad all the implicated and qualified workers through internal memos. The notification should include job title, description and relevant qualifications for each. It should also notify employees the method of applications, deadline of application and the dates of interviews.All the application letters should be checked and sorted. The application letters that carry through the criteria of selection should be listed and applicants notified. The applicants who did not meet the criteria for selection should be notified politely.It eliminates those candidates that fail to qualify as per the criteria square up by the organization. The candidate is

Persuasion Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Persuasion patois - Essay ExampleEarth resources are inadequate. Most of the items used in daily life much(prenominal) as glass, plastic bags and papers, come from natural resources. Producing more materials may require more resources and energy. For this reason, Uliano (2008, p. 41) argues that recycle products transforms former(a) used products into new, useful products.In reference to official estimates by researchers, there is limited knowledge domain berth that may not fully accommodate landfills in the near future. Waste from existing landfills has overflowed to the neighboring land tracts affecting the environment, flora and fauna surrounding it. Recycling can reduce the size of landfills and daily waste.Uliano (2008, p. 74) shows that recycling helps to save on energy. Recycling reduces the amount of energy that would be used in production of opposite new products. According to Uliano (2008, p. 75), production of recycled glass, plastic and paper takes 68 per centum, 8 2 percent and 85 percent less energy

American Literature Exam question Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

American Literature Exam question - Coursework ExampleLinda is denied the right to raise her sustain children, as are many other dull women. Slaves are not allowed to marry whom they choose, and a shadowy husband and wife sometimes are not allowed to live together. White men father children with black women, but lack absolutely any kind of parental obligation towards the children, and in some cases, want with Mr. Sands, may be tempted to sell them to get out of financial trouble. We see that the hatred slavery enforces distorts the intimately basic of all emotions that of a parent towards his child. The lack of freedom and basic human rights does not continue only individuals, but all social structures. Normal human relationships inside and outside of a family cannot expire the devastating influence of the slavery system which deliberately dehumanizes black people, shamelessly stripping them off their self-regard and rights as human beings.

Bachelor's degree obtaining Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Bachelors ground level obtaining - Research reputation Example written by Marty Nemko and Charles Murray, they express their minds and they believe that the aspiration to achieve a bachelors degree is non worthwhile for all students. Their views be very contrary to my point of view. A bachelors degree is very Copernican and needed by everyone. It is indeed worthwhile for all students to get their bachelors degree because of the many an(prenominal) advantages the degree offers to each and every individual, especially in todays world. In the essay the Statess Most Overrated Product The Bachelors Degree written by Nemko, a biography counselor, columnist, and radio host based in Oakland, he expresses the idea that the goal of obtaining bachelors degree is not worthwhile for all students. He claims that most of the students today are not good students, merely they just want to prove to the others that they can get the bachelors degree. Many students take it rattling long cadence to finish their education. Some of them are even dropouts from school. These days many students do transcend the examinations but eventually they do not really understand what it is all about. Nemko has noted that nowadays 40% of freshmen do not graduate from their school even in 6 years. Eventually, the college graduates of todays cadence are compelled to take up some unprofessional businesss that they really do not want to join. The job that they get is not the job that they dream of. College and universities nowadays are like businesses and the students who are study thither are the cost item (Nemko). Many institutions educate their students in the cheapest way. They do not teach their students in the way they should teach them. Normally, these educational institutions have many large lecture classes, but only a handful of good teachers are available. The teachers who are appointed by these institutions are hired because of their research latent and not because they have the ability or the inclination to teach the students. It would be better for colleges to hold such(prenominal) higher standards for their education. This might cause them to cost much more and it will require more time for the students to get their degree. But when someone is conferred the degree, it would prove to be something of great value to their lives. Nowadays, most people who are new graduates and have been selected for jobs lack the essential skill sets required for what the job description demands from the selected candidate. This goes on to showing the insignificance or the lack of true value of the degree they have been conferred on. The author has also been of the opinion that college filling should ideally be a wise choice for students and that very few students are actually presently encouraged to make such crucial considerations. He opines that it is better for someone to pursue their education and not get their degree if they are forced to take it. On the other han d, the essay Should the Obama Greneration Drop reveal? written by Murray, a scholar at American Enterprise Institute, also expresses the same idea that the goal of obtaining bachelors degree is not worthwhile for all students. In his essay, he discusses Obamas ideas. Obamas idea is about expanding the use of community colleges and tuition tax credits (Murray). The bachelors degree has nowadays become one of the foremost criteria for most jobs. Again, it is imperative that making the bachelor

Mastering Technology- Operations and Supply chain managment Assignment

Mastering Technology- Operations and Supply chain managment - Assignment Example trump value supply chains are designed to deliver superior services to customers in toll of the five performance objectives-quality, speed, dependability, flexibility, and cost. This paper will discuss Toyota Motor Corporations performance in the light of these five performance objectives and assess how the application of modern techniques in operations management kindle support the brass sections five performance objectives. A brief overview of the TMC Toyota Motor Corporation (TMC), barely termed as Toyota, is a Japan based multinational automaker. The organisation was founded on 28th August 1937 by Kiichiro Toyoda. In 2011, Toyota was the worlds third largest automobile manufacture in terms of production and the companionship employed 300,734 people globally as of 2010. Toyota Motor Corporation is the part of the Toyota Group and has a front in al most(prenominal) all parts of the globe. Performa nce objectives of TMC According to Slack et al, quality, speed, dependability, flexibility, and cost represent a basic set of five performance objectives that can be applied to all operations (Kossmann 2006, p.45). In the following session, Toyotas performance is discussed in the light of these five performance objectives Quality Quality is the most important performance objective because it is believed to be the major factor influencing the performance of organisations. Quality is defined as the totality of features and characteristics of a product, process or service that bear on its ability to satisfy give tongue to or implied needs (Bart 2006, p.179). It seems that TMC performs outstandingly in terms of product/service quality. From different third-party customer surveys, Toyotas vehicles are consistently ranked on the top. In addition, Toyotas different car models have been selected as the car of the year many sentences by third party market researches and surveys. The compan y has create a series of advanced quality features to limit the emission of unpleasant and harmful fumes and to invoke passenger safety. Toyota has improved quality control and quality assurance systems that have been developed over many years (Toyotas approach to quality). The company considers customer satisfaction as the core of its operations and it fosters the inter-group communication of all employees, from ground level to top level, in quality control activities (ibid). Speed Speed or speed of response is another performance objective and is a criterion for evaluating the operational efficiency of an organisation in terms of doing things fast. In other words, speed can be defined as the time period between the order and delivery of products/services (process design). Every firm tries to belittle this time period, and instead increase speed with intent to provide customers with competitive advantages. TMC has developed simple, flexible, and robust technologies to scale dow n complexity in its operations so as to fasten overall supply chain activities. It is kindle to note that the Toyota maintains a high output per worker as compared to other leading multinational automakers and at the beginning of the 21st century, Toyota Burnaston (UK plant) had achieved an

Escape from Camp 14 by Blaine Harden Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Escape from Camp 14 by Blaine Harden - search Example shin Dong-hyuk has undergone these horrors, which has made him unprepared to live in the contemporary world, finding it difficult to set up to a totally different environment with freedom. Being mentally free refers to freedom from attachment and from identifying with anything. In addition, psychological freedom also refers to when an individual is a being, rather than a knowing or a doing. Because of his experiences in prison house camp 14, which have resulted in classical symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and Stockholm syndrome, tibia has been unable to gain psychological freedom.Shin Dong-hyuk was born in a North Korean prison camp and lived under harsh and inhuman conditions for the first twenty-four years of his life. This was a period material, physical, and horny deprivation for Shin, who underwent physical abuse and torture before making a successful escape from the prison camp (Harden 12). However, he escap ed with scars consistent with post-traumatic stress disorder, such as flashbacks, nightmares, and panic attacks, which have denied him psychological freedom. Although he has received treatment for his posttraumatic stress disorder, he still finds himself in the grip of anger and fear, small-arm he does not want to be alone with his thoughts for a long time because they trouble him (Harden 14).Shin has been unable to attain psychological freedom because of his traumas fundamental psychological effect, which is the shattering of his innocence. His experiences in prison camp 14 have led him to lose faith in any meaning, predictability, and gumshoe in the world or any safe place that he can retreat to, including his family, which reinforces his trace of isolation (Harden 167). His body or mind did not process his traumatic experiences at the prison camp, impertinent other experiences. This is most likely due to their shocking and overwhelming

The Presence of Homosexual Characters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Presence of Homosexual Characters - Essay ExampleSimilar sitcoms, such as Brothers and Sisters followed in the wake of the success of Will and Grace. Today, there is a liberal offering of sitcoms that feature unfearings in race roles, have human themes, or present gay minor characters. Be lawsuit of the number of shows available, the portrayal of the gay lifestyle reflects the diversity we might see in real life. There are lesbians that would defy recognition if we met them on the street, and there are outrageous gay men whose sexual preference can be detect from across a parking lot. While mainstream America is or so eras shocked by the outrageous portrayals of some of these characters, they have benefited the viewers by exposing them to a valid world of authentic diversity and reduced secernment against gays.The portrayal of homosexual characters on television is positive because it gradually makes people accept crotchet. Prior to middle 1990s, homosexuals were rarely a ccepted in the society, and kept as a dirty little secret. Homosexuality at that time was considered deviant behavior and not as an acceptable norm. America was uncomfortable with gays and uncomfortable with itself. ... During this period, the media had been passively introducing gay characters and homosexual themes to the television viewers. The trend started during the 1970s in an ABC sitcom called Soap with a gay character named Billy Crystal. Twenty years later, in 1996, people were becoming more accepting of homosexuality and seeing their characters on television. Though there were many sitcoms that had supporting characters who were homosexuals, NBCs 1998 sitcom, Will and Grace had successfully include a main character who is homosexual in a show that had homosexuality as a main theme. Homosexuality had been gradually introduced over a period of 3 decades, and the public was raise for the character, Will. He was a conservative, well mannered male that did not stereotype the h omosexual lifestyle. NBC was able to pull the listening a little farther into the gay world by introducing Wills friend Jack, who was more outgoing and advantageously more physically demonstrative. Jack was able to exhibit mannerisms and say lines that the public was not yet ready to see in a lead role. However, this highly successful sitcom was instrumental in introducing a gay couple in a gay setting on a regular basis. The viewers benefited from the gradual exposure to homosexuality as a realistic, alternative lifestyle. Homosexuality has become less erroneous to the cultural mainstream and instead has become a cultural curiosity. As a result, homosexuals can be sluttish about themselves to society and as well as feel normal about themselves. The increasing bankers acceptance of homosexuals in the television sitcom has helped to dispel gay panic, an unwarranted and exaggerated fear of homosexuality. Gay panic has been the cause of violence towards gays, as well as a legal de fense for assaults on gays. The

Art21 Blog Post Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Art21 Blog Post - Essay caseShe uses her painting to educate others on gender and social, political condition in her country. She plots her work in build up and takes long in her paintings making sure that they are produced to perfection. She also includes different characters in her paintings based on materials and color.Viewers should learn various principles from her line of work. Foremost, she does not take advantage of her job to strive economically but instead has an emotional connection to her paintings. She takes her time while preparing paintings since there are hidden messages in her paintings. She also promotes American cultural history through her paintings on American folk-art traditionsViewers can substantially recognize the artist due to her work. Information can be gathered from her painting where she has been featured in the power category of artists. She uses her work to provide knowledge and increase awareness to her viewers. She claims that one has to let the p ortraits stick to up automatically without forcing anything. Consequently, her work has been featured in various museums in the U.S providing her viewers with breathtaking scenes in her

How Individuals Appraise Their Own Physical Attractiveness Essay

How Individuals Appraise Their Own Physical attractive feature - Essay ExampleThe current research was motivated by a desire to better empathize how people make judgments about their own attractiveness and how such self-appraisals may systematically vary as a spot of the context of time. In Study 1, individuals rated their past self as physically little attractive than their current self. This hold is informative in demonstrating that judgments of self-perceived attractiveness vary as a function of temporal perspective. In Study 2, individuals rated their future self as more than attractive than their current self. This study is informative in serving as an initial demonstration of how temporal biasing influences future self-appraisals of attractiveness. Furthermore, in two studies, temporal biasing of attractiveness was moderated by an individual difference variableattribute importance (Study 1) and social similarity orientation. The results of Study 1 are consistent with th e view espoused by Mac Davis participants perceived themselves as more attractive now than in the past. Moreover, this pattern was found among only those individuals for whom physical attractiveness was important to their self-concept. Thus, interpreted together, the results supported the hypotheses. With these results in hand, a second study investigated whether people perceive their future self to be more attractive than their current self. The overall results of Study 2 are consistent with predictions Respondents rated their future self as more attractive than their current self.

Contemporary Issues in Global Business Management Essay

Contemporary Issues in Global Business Management - Essay ExampleIt is also gear up that Cathay Pacific is making sincere and earnest efforts towards sustainable caper model, while also bring to the social and environmental causes. incorporated Social Responsibility is also variously addressed as Corporate Citizenship, Corporate Responsibility, Global Citizenship, and Corporate Philanthropy. The definitions put forward by various organizations try to explain the design using different terminology. As such there is no universal definition of CSR. However, different definitions of CSR fly the coop a similar import and are same in extent and scope.The channelling of corporate resources towards community welfare through discretionary business practices is called Corporate Social Responsibility. CSR is to carry out business processes in a manner that exceeds the legal, ethical, commercial and public expectations that society has of business. Through CSR, companies integrate social a nd environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis. CSR aims for well-being of employees, customers, stakeholders and society in which it operates. correspond to EU Commission (2002) as cited in Hopkins (1998), CSR is voluntary action exercised by the companies to make their businesses socially and environmentally sustainable. CSR is voluntary integration of social and environmental concerns with business operations (CEC in Worthington et al., 2003). The World Business Council as cited in Hopkins (1998) introduces the notion of ethics in corporate social responsibility best practice. It is described as a commitment to behave ethically and contribute to the economic development and quality of life of the workforce, local anaesthetic community, and the society at large.Airlines provide air transport services for passengers and freight. Airlines operate inter nationally or nationally as scheduled services or ch arters. Airline companies

Dissertation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dissertation - Essay ExampleIn addition, each of the troika major articles is assigned three minor literature sources that compare and contrast the main ideas presented in the major articles. These articles are analysed below centre on their value for achieving the objectives of the proposed bring. The first article is that of Siddhanta and Roy (2010). The specific article focuses on the relationship between employee appointee and productivity. The examination and the evaluation of this relationship is unrivalled of the studys objectives. The article has been considered as important for the proposed study because of the following reasons a) it helps to explore one of the studys objectives, meaning especially the involvement of employee involvement in enhancing productivity in institutions b) it presents a thorough analysis of the role of action within modern organizations. Also, engagement, as a concept, is explained in the context of its relationship with different aspects of the organization, such(prenominal) as productivity, profitability and customer happiness (Siddhanta and Roy, 2010, p. 172). In all institutional settings, performance treasure is specifically important because it is the direct reflection of what the overturn, produce or productivity levels of the institution would be. Again, human resource managers and other leaders of institutions and organisations find it prudent to measure performance because it is the only means by which they can assess whether or not they are having the call for returns made in the investments they commit in enhancing human capital. Again as reflected in the topic, employee engagement is a very important means of achieving performance. It is therefore a step in the right direction that an baron such as the employee engagement index be used in measuring performance. Once this ease is done, the implication is that there will be the avenue to assess each employee as a gay stakeholder for growth and devel opment for the organisation. The index could thus be considered effective because it offers individualised assessment on employee performance. Barret (2012) puts onwards an argument that sharply disagrees with the notion elucidated by Siddahanta and Roy (2010), which puts much emphasis on short term turnover profitability and productivity as the best way to judge the effectiveness of the employee engagement model. In his opinion, employee engagement should be seen as a medium term or a long term strategic change plan rather than a short term one. To this end, the author strongly hold the encounter that there are many companies who have failed to realize the essence and individual talents of their employees because they dismiss them after one or two years of engagement with no massive returns on the financial books. Contrary to such an attitude, the writer posits that the whole system of organizational change the leads to fatter turnovers grinds slower and so Siddahanta and Roy (20 10) cannot be right in their judgment of the output of employee engagement as short term turnover profitability. On their parts, Stringer (2007) and Ulrich (2004) refuse to experience the debates of the first two writers whether the debate is taken from a short term basis or from a long term basis. Together, the two new writers hold the idea that as much as employee engagement index could be an excellent way to measure performance it is totally out of place to make financial turnover the major focus of the resulting index. In the

Keynse v Friedman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Keynse v Friedman - Essay ExampleA idle aggregate contend could ca engross unemployment to rise and starts a negative cycle of boom and bust in economics. The general thrust of a government whenever at that place is a threat of recession is to intervene and use fiscal and monetary tools to mitigate the ill effects of a recession. A key recommendation of Keynes during a d admit economic cycle was stimulus disbursal by the government by deficit spending which at first glance is counter-intuitive as it requires spending using money that a government does non have in the first place and might cause inflation and devaluation. If his ideas were adopted earlier, it could have make the Great Depression less severe and shorter.Milton Friedman (1912-2006) is a famous American economist in his own right and he won the coveted Nobel Prize in Economics in 1976 for challenging the ideas of Keynes. In particular, he argued there is always a persistent unemployment that government policies can only reduce to a certain extent. The trick, he argues, is give free market capitalism free rein in promoting jobs and thereby increase in the process the level of aggregate consumption or the so-called aggregate demand of Keynesian economics. He denounced Keynesian economics as as socialism with his famous remark that there is no such thing as a free lunch. He sees government intervention as interference of free markets and a dangerous act (Friedman

The Miranda Rights Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Miranda Rights - end point Paper ExampleInformation that has been sourced from a savage suspect that was not analyse his/ her Miranda obligationlys is considered as beingness unconstitutional. The constitution is the supreme law of the land and must be adhered to by all individuals. Most criminal suspects that confess to committing a offence are forced to do so while under jurisprudence custody. Law enforcement officers who interview such suspects usually make them feel that confessing is the only option of getting aside of their situation easily. However, if a suspect is made to feel as if they ca-ca to confess, and they actually confess without having had their Miranda rights read to them, the evidence from what they say to incriminate themselves is admissible in court. History and purpose of Miranda rights The Miranda court case was introduced in 1966 in the case of Miranda versus azimuth. In this particular case, Ernesto Arturo Miranda was arrested on suspicion of kidnap and rape. Miranda was not informed right to remain silent and avoid self-incrimination when arrested. Miranda was also subjected to the physical stress of having had to stand for the whole day in the room where he was also interrogated. Miranda was also not informed of his Sixth Amendment constitutional right to try out legal counsel from a attorney. After being identified by the victim, Miranda was made to sign a confession of the crime. The evidence in form of writing that was agreed to by Miranda was used against him in a court of law leading to a conviction of a period of 20- 30 years. Mirandas lawyer appealed against the court case end on the institution that his client was not mirandized (Goldstein & Goldstein, 20). The Supreme Court of Arizona upheld the previous court decision to use the confession evidence. The court cited that a confession admitting to a crime cannot be dismissed on any grounds. However, the court acknowledged that Miranda was not allowed the op portunity to access a lawyer (Prentzas, 93). The lawyer would have offered Miranda legal advice to remain silent and not give out narration that would have been incriminating and led to his conviction. Miranda was absolutely denied his Fifth and Sixth Amendment Constitutional rights. The court conviction was turn over on the basis that the information that was used to prosecute Miranda was coerced and that he was not informed of his rights. If Miranda was aware of his right to provide evidence before a lawyer or remain silent, he would not have incriminated himself. This court decision made the judicial stand and intent clear on the important of reading individuals their rights before they are interrogated. If a suspect who is in custody decides to remain silent during the question, it is well inside his/ her legal rights. If the individual asks for legal counsel to be present during the questioning, the individual is also within his/ her rights (Siegel, 29). The decision by Chie f Justice Earl Warren led to the naming of the Miranda rights as they are so cognise till to date. The decision was considered to being controversial since it was considered that Miranda was guilty since he had been identified by the victim and he had agreed to sign the document that he had kidnapped and raped the victim in question. However, Miranda was arrested again on the basis of the victims testimony. However, the confession that had been signed by

Cold war crisis and wars Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

chilliness war crisis and wars - Term Paper ExampleTherefore, the grimace of the USA was in absolute terms a paradox. In the course of defining itself as closely as protecting itself from the aggression of the Nazi Germany, the other super ca work that took part in the WWII, (the Soviet due north) stop up as having the biggest army in the whole globe. Just like the USA, the Soviet Union had gained a lot of muscle since the Asian and European rivals had experienced gigantic losses during the war. Politics had it that immediately afterwards World struggle II, the USA would emerge to the top as the nation with the most influence and power while the Soviet Union would come in second, but the second rankers were not satisfied with this fate. The Soviet Union was ready to do anything to move to the top of every nation in the world. But to hold in matters even worse, they were at a relatively distant second. This is due to the fact that even if the Soviet Union had moved strides ahe ad in given sectors, some had lagged behind. Hundreds of thousands of people and a good number of towns, cities and villages had been lose during the war. Reconstruction was the main task, which the Soviet Union go about after the war, thus. Also the nation had to prove that it had authenticity in diplomacy following years of sidelining by other close countries and that the Joseph Stalins government would pulmonary tuberculosis other means other than military power to forge ahead. Origin of the Cold contend and Causes Therefore, faced with all the forces from outside, it is usually argued that USA involved itself in this war that was to be known as the Cold War. It is in the 1990s, though, that it was clear to many about the boundaries that were brought about by the cold war. It is said that the Cold War was in existence for four decades and a half. That is, from 1945 to 1990 as Gregory and Balkin say in their book. This term Cold War can trace its origin from the speech of fina ncier Baruch in 1947 and this signified a time goal of hostility and rivalry that was first witnessed between the Soviet Union and the US and that was an issue of hostility little(a) of combat only. (Gregory and Balkin, 2003 p263) The other perception with regards to the origin of Cold War is as presented by King Lisa in the Origins of the Cold War study. The author puts it that it all started with the Hiroshima bombing where the US was the nation responsible and it happened in idealistic 1945. The city together with half of its dwellers faced the worse end. Two days following this bombing Russia do a declaration of war against Japan. The war on Japan declaration had however not started in 1945, it had all began in the 1943s Teheran conference where the Soviet Union made a reassertion that it would assault Japan subsequent to the loss to Germans. In other two conferences, Potsdams and Yaltas, Russia also declare their entry into war with Asia came August 9th in 1945, just aft er the August 6th Hiroshima bombing, another nuclear bomb hit Nagasaki. Following the surrender that happened later in mid August 1945 it rendered the planned attack on Japan useless. It is noted that Joseph Stalin was not convinced by the two bombings as the usual agreeable of occurrences in a war but as sabotage. It was a plan by Britain and the US to use these atomic bombs to put Japan out of the war just forrader Russians implemented their plan. This was just before Russia had accepted taking part in the war against Japan. Also the USAs bombings of Japan were seen as a move to ensure that Russia did not get the territory that had been taken by

Silent Spring - Rachel Carson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

still Spring - Rachel Carson - Essay ExampleThesis command Rachel Carsons impart Silent Spring exposes the unfavorable relationship between the government and chemical industry by creating awareness among the mass on the negative effect of pesticides on the living world. Background info Basically, the work deals with the afterward effects of the use of DDT as insecticide. Rachel Carson states that, In this now universal taint of the environment, chemicals are the sinister and little-recognized partners of radiation in changing the very nature of the world-the very nature of its demeanor (6). To be specific, the inspiration behind the work was the authors friends knowledge on environmental issues originating from the uncontrolled use of pesticides/insecticides. The use of DDT in authors friends locality resulted in the death of thousands of living things, especially birds. So, she decided to attract the attention of the authorities towards the after effects of the use of DDT on the living world. So, she decided to write a letter to a daily newspaper named as The Boston Herald, and forwarded a copy of the letter to Carson. This letter deeply influenced Carsons mind and resulted in the work named as Silent Spring. Theme One chiffonier easily come upon the fact that uncontrolled use of pesticides affects the sustenance of life on the earth. ... Charles Piddock makes clear that, The book, which would be called Silent Spring, depict the contamination of lakes, rivers, and oceans, and the death of countless life forms (86). One can see that almost all the factors that realise imbalance in nature are interconnected with the human tendency to exploit natural resources in an uncontrollable manner. Within this context, the uncontrollable use of DDT leads to large scale pollution and the same affects the nonaggressive co-existence of life on earth. In addition, the human war against insects is the war against life. The authorities are aware of the the true tha t insects help human beings because pollination is impossible without insects. Still, pesticides are used to kill harmless insects. On the other(a) side, the author is aware of the fact that all the living things are connected and pesticides affect this connection. The use of unwholesome pesticides cannot be tolerated because human beings are not authorized to control nature. So, the works theme is link up to the authors effort to educate the mass on the problems related to pesticides. Significance The significance of the work is not limited to the context of pesticides. Instead, the works significance extends to the context of preservation of nature. Conor Mark Jameson opines that, Silent Spring is said to have been the spark that ignited the modern-day environmental movement (17). One can see that the effect of DDT is too dangerous to the living world because uncontrollable killing of insects take a crap ecological imbalance. So, Rachel Carsons effort is important because the chemical companies which produce DDT were forced to discontinue

Health Care Communication Methods Essay Example for Free

Health C ar conference Methods EssayCustomer Service also accreditn as communication, now days almost perpetually involves several people, especially when it involves an elderly loved ane. Having an elderly family member is a very sensitive question believe it or non and although very common is still manything that most still do not know how to share with and do not quite understand. It is hard to bring to governance that fact that your Grandp atomic number 18nts, p arents, aunts, uncles, and sometimes siblings are faced with life threatening illnesses such as Alzheimers and Dementia and brook forget who you are along with a host of other things. As an administrator of a Nursing piazza you could be faced with many different situations and because patients in a nurse family line are sometimes uncapable to understand or conduct on their own, it is alpha to have itinerarys to get in contact with several different family members in the event of an emergency.Family members of these elderly patients still have lives of their own and may live in different states or countries even and then in the worst case, you have some patients in Nursing Homes who do not have family members at all. Most of the time thither pull up stakes be a social worker who is responsible for the well beingness of these patients in this type of situation. in that respect is an tremendous misunderstanding of the role of communication services in healthcare.Nursing home administrators act as the patients amour between staff and doctors, in the event that a Nursing Home receives notification that the organization is being purchased by a national group, and because of new policies to be implemented, many of the patients will be displaced, it is important to know the way to communicate with each individuals family members. Residents have rights and these rights being violated can cause serious issues with the law. downstairs is a short list of patients rights when concern ing unfair transfer or discharge.Protection against Unfair Transfer or Discharge You cant be sent to another nursing home, or made to leave the nursing home, unless any of thefollowing are trueIt is necessary for the welfare, health, or safety of you or others.Your health has declined to the plosive that the nursing home cant meet your care needs.Your health has improved to the point that nursing home care is no longer necessary.The nursing home hasnt been paid for services you received.The nursing home closesIn this scenario it is important that you inform the residents that they are being displaced and that they need to approve the release of their medical entropy. The best way to do this, since it is concerning medical records, would be privately. HIPAA protects the privacy of individually identifiable health information and if violated you could face jail time and hefty fines so you should use the best communication method acting that fits the scenario. The best method of comm unication I thought would be best for this scenario was traditional and electronic communication because they both have some convenience to the residents. The right amount of information and the right information is needed to explain to family members and patients what is possibility to this facility. Finding the right laws and rights is what needs to happen to make sure the company is not in infringement of that patient. Finding the best way to communicate with each patient and their family is most important when it comes to getting the essence across professionally without seeming to disregard their personal concerns.There are advantages and disadvantages of using social media, traditional, and electronic communication .Traditional, the oldest of the three some of the many advantages that tradition communication has is that you are person with the person you are communicating with, which is better because you are getting an immediate reply to whatever it is that you are trying to get. Theres a feeling of community because youre better able to socialize and interact with one another. We quickly build a bond that sets the foundation for trust and ultimately, lasting business relationships. There are so many different issues that have to be considered when communicating with patients and their family members, in this scenario most likely there will need to be some convincing that this is best for the patient/ their loved ones.Displacing them does not have to be a bad thing it all depends on how it is presented to them and their reaction to the initial breaking of the news. It is important that the administrator has found a new facility that offers everything that the patients(s) will need to accommodate them completely. Communication is a part of the process to better the patients life and once the patient and/or their family is on board then you pretty much have tackled the mountain. Forcing information on people when they are too distraught to understand i t or accept it (over informing) may only heighten their stress. Philip Muskin(1998) calls this truth put away and warns people against it.Health-related Information can be confusing and frightening. It is best to not provide unnecessary information to the patients and family members, just enough for them to understand completely. (Communication About Health Pg. 196) Being and Administrator means being able to communicate effectively with your patients no matter their mental and health condition and being able to communicate with their family members too. It is important to not over-do anything when communicating because it could cause a reaction you dont want to deal with.There are different ways of communicating messages and different tones and as an Administrator in this contingent scenario it is important to know what tone of communication to use when letting the patients and their family members know what is going on. It is a veracious idea to know where the patient will be t ransferred to and to have a brochure and good information on where the patient is going so that maybe the family member and the patients will be comfortable nearly the big news.References1. Journal Article . (2014, Fall). People living with dementia components of communication, (Pg.1). 2. . (2005). Communicating About Health contemporary Issues And Perspectives. Retrieved from, HCS/320 Health Care Communication Strategies website.

Larsen and Toubro Case Study Essay Example for Free

Larsen and Toubro Case Study EssayOrganizational Development (OD) is a mean persistent term effort led and supported through the top perplexity to improve an organizations ability and to solve its own problems by continuously working together and on managing the culture utilise behavioural skills. Thus, there are some certain aspects worth discussing astir(predicate) which are- OD is a planned effort. It requires a lot of effort, patience, and faith and is time consuming. Secondly, OD usually uses outsiders.These facilitators as they are called are solve specialists and are involved in depth in this process. The pioneers of OD in India were Larsen and Toubro India (LT). OD at LT started by calling in 2 eminent professors- Dr Udai Pareek and Dr TV Rao to study the judgment process at the company. The existing appraisal system had many faults and needed to be corrected. The difficult task started by the professors interviewing some bosses and subordinates from diametric d epartments (using Diagnosis or Action Research) and they got a very interesting feedback.Some of the aspects of the feedback were juniors wanted to know how well(p) they were doing on the job, but werent told pile wanted to know what the growth opportunities in the company were the appraisal form was too lengthy some bosses had too many subordinates to appraise, etc. After getting the feedback from the employees the professors gave a report to the top management about the actual problem. The appraisal system had to serve not in force(p) one but many purposes namely it should help people understand their strengths and weaknesses, their own progress on the job, how they can perform better, and how they could grow in the company.So the appraisal process had to address the issues of appraisal, potential, counselling, career development and breeding all in one The top management after reviewing the report gave the go forth and they did two main things which were the most important which were bifurcating the Personnel department into personnel department and HRD department. This bifurcation was the first star sign of structural change. Secondly, a team of 6 senior managers was formed which would be responsible for implementing the changes required.The story continues when the 6 task force and the professors decided that the appraisal process had to involve the line managers personally, the performance marks must be set jointly by boss and junior and the appraisals must also involve feedback and counselling to people. Thus, they brisk a Performance Appraisal Manual by involving the departmental heads and other senior managers to analyze what tolerant of objectives could be set and then added such guidelines in the manual. To address the issue of feedback and counselling, the team identified about 29 senior line managers and some senior staff with a flair for public speaking.These selected people were put through a workshop on how to be good Givers and Rec eivers of feedback and then later conducted the equivalent workshop for other employees at HQ and regional offices. Thus, the first workshop was a Train the flight simulator workshop which was cascaded to the other employees. After putting in so much of effort now the management at LT wanted to know whether the process was working for them or not. So over again the professors interviewed some seniors and juniors about how the appraisals were going on.This time different views came into the picture the goal setting was seen as time consuming, appraisal was fit a numbers game, and was tending to become ritualistic. The HRD department was asked to conduct a valuate (Participant Action Research). The survey also threw new light about the new appraisal process. The bosses now did involve their juniors in the goal setting and there was healthy resolution of difficulties and there was a lavishly degree of trust amidst the seniors and juniors which led to increased joint understandin g about the job.After receiving such a feedback, they again tried to simplify the appraisal form by adding the definitions of the attributes listed in the appraisal form. In addition, they held refresher courses in feedback skills for both givers and receivers of feedback. The facilitators felt that the appraisal system has stabilised when 80 to 85% of the appraisal forms were returned within sestet weeks of the target date. Also the HRD department started analyzing all the appraisal forms.The data from the analysis was used for listing high and low performers for a certain period for finalising departmental developmental plans and for preparing the list of department wise employees and the training courses they needed. The above mentioned process took LT 8 years to complete and stabilise themselves. Thus, I can conclude that OD is a long term process which requires a lot of patience, support from the top management and a vision to a bright future.

European Union Essay Example for Free

European inwardness EssayThe European jointure of today is the result of a process that began half a century ago with the basis of the European Coal and Steel Community. After the both world wars the all overall situation of Europe was so pathetic especially in economic terms and peace and prosperity was far away. In establish to bring peace and to lead Europe to the path of progress it was necessary to unite it under unitary roof.For this purpose the European leaders started thinking about it in late 1940s and finally Robert Sc valet de chambre the cut Foreign Minister proposed the union of Europe which ended up in the merging of coal and blade industries and the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was set up . The ECSC was so successful that within a few years the decision was made to put together other parts of the countries economies.In 1957, the Treaties of capital of Italy created the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community ( EURATOM), and the six member states undertook to steal trade barriers among themselves by forming a common securities industry. In 1967, the institutions of all three communities were formally merged into the European Community (EC), creating a single Commission, a single Council of Ministers, and the European Parliament. Members of the European Parliament were initially selected by national parliaments, but in 1979 the first direct elections were undertaken and they clear been held eery five years since.In 1973, the first enlargement of the EC took get in with the addition of Denmark, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. The 1980s saw further social station expansion with Greece joining in 1981 and Spain and Portugal in 1986. The 1992 Treaty of Maastricht laid the basis for further forms of cooperation in exotic and defense polity, in judicial and internal affairs, and in the creation of an economic and monetary union including a common currency. This further integration creat ed the European Union (EU).The evolution of the European Union (EU) from a regional economic agreement among six neighboring states in 1951 to todays supranational organization of 27 countries across the European continent stands as an unmatched occurrence in the records of history. Although the EU is not a federation in the strict sense, it is far more than a free-trade association such as ASEAN, NAFTA, or Mercosur, and it has many of the attributes associated with self-employed person nations its own flag, anthem, founding date, and currency, as well as an incipient common foreign and security policy in its dealings with other nations.In the future, many of these nation-like characteristics atomic number 18 likely to be expanded. (European Union Facts and Map Yahoo Education) Motive Lets unite. And the world will listen to us Pro-European ad campaign, September 1992 establishment European UnionUnion Name and Member StatesConventional long form European Union abbreviation EU . Political structure a mixture of supranational organizations . Capital name capital of Belgium (Belgium), Strasbourg (France), Luxembourg.27 countries Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, UK note Canary Islands (Spain), Azores and Madeira (Portugal), French Guyana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Reunion (France) are virtuallytimes listed separately heretofore though they are legally a part of Spain, Portugal, and France candidate countries Croatia, Macedonia, Turkey. CIA The World Factbook European Union)independency 7 February 1992 (Maastricht Treaty signed establishing the EU) 1 November 1993 (Maastricht Treaty entered into force).National holiday Europe Day 9 May (1950) note a Union-wide holiday, the day that Robert SCHUMAN proposed the creation of the European Coal and Stee l Community to light upon an organized EuropeImpact of EU on International TradeThe worlds largest trader and a inexpugnable block in the international political economy, is not an easy bargainer to deal with. The fact that the EU speaks with an influence in trade has enabled it to affect the distributional outcomes of international trade negotiations and shape the global political economy. Trade being the only forum in which the EU speaks to the United States with an equal voice, The EU is before long the worlds largest trader and one of the main players. Trade Relations mingled with EU and USThe steady add in the breadth and depth of transatlantic foreign policy cooperation has been one of the most striking developments in recent years. Enhanced EUUS communication has been essential in developing a closer understanding of our respective policy positions and the better coordination of our activities. The EU and the USA are each others main trading partners (taking goods and services together) and business relationship for the largest bilateral trade relationship in the world together, they accountancy for almost 40 % of world trade.Every day, about EUR 1. 7 billion of transatlantic trade (in goods and services) takes place. The transatlantic relationship defines the shape of the global economy as a whole as either the EU or the USA is similarly the largest trade and investment partner for almost all other countries. function towards Human Rights and Democracy I want to emphasize our shared commitment to promoting commonwealth, freedom all over the world.The very enlargement of European Union has been one of the greatest achievements in terms of promotion of democracy from Southern Europe, West Europe, to Eastern Europe, North Europe, from the Iberian Peninsula to the Baltic countries, now most recently European Union is a great success story in terms of promoting democracy. And we want to do it also globally, and we are doing it globally. And that s one of the fields where I see that the United States and European Union can do, and should do, regular more together. President Barroso, EU-US Summit Press conference, 21 June 2006, Vienna.Most Important Economic Relation in the World This is the most important economic relation in the world, the relation between the United States of the States and the European Union. And we believe we can achieve more if we look at it in a comp manner. And I hope that now there will be some concrete work so that in our regular institutional summit between the European Union and the United States we can achieve some more complete results. President Barroso, Visit to the White House 8 January 2007, Washington DC Quick Facts The EU and the USA jointly represent 10 % of the worlds population and account for roughly 40 % of world trade and over 60 % of world GDP.Worlds Strongest Relationship The relationship between the United States and Europe constitutes the worlds strongest, most comprehensive a nd strategically most important partnership. European Commission President Barroso Brussels, 9 February 2005. Trade Conflict between EU-US Since its beginning in 1995, more than 330 disputes have been raised under the WTO Dispute Settlement System. The major disputes between the EU and the USA (mini trade wars) are analyzed with GTAP5 the Hormones, the Bananas, the FSC and the Steel cases. 1.The use of biotechnology in food production has emerged as the central divulge in a trade conflict that has been between the U. S. and the European Union for years 2. The use of hormones in beef cattle is another issue . They promotes growth and produces a leaner shell that is more likable to health-conscious consumers. However, the European Union refuses to import such meat, suggesting that there are insufficient studies to prove its safety for human consumption. Some think that economic motives, not genuine concern for the health of consumers, lie behind this decision.In addition to above me ntion major conflicts in trade between EU and US is the EUs conversion of their currency of each member countries to a single form of money that is the EURO (Except UK and Denmark). Since these two countries have very strong trade relations and the exchange of money in the money commercialise shows a higher value of EURO against Dollar this is something which is disliked by some of the corporations in the US. While doing proceeding by importing goods from Europe, US have to pay more in terms of Dollars to the EU. Conclusion settle down there are some problems which the Statesns and Europeans agree in seeing as critical. While there are obvious drawbacks in having a bad relationship to the US . Along with major disputes taken place between US and EU as a result I draw conclusion that some US corporations are pleased with its work while others are upset, this is in my point of view collectable to two reasons first the EU being independent, united and a big challenge for US which is a super power and second is of the currency value of EU which is higher in the money market than the dollar which displeases some corporations while doing transactions. Today, security and justice and prosperity for our world depend on America and Europe working in common purpose. That makes our transatlantic ties as vital as they have ever been. US President Bush, 19 February 2005.

Drug and Crime Prevention Essay Example for Free

Drug and Crime Prevention EssayThe purpose of the Final Project is for you to award your understanding of horror prevention programs and the role shame prevention plays in the overall criminal judge system. You may select a crime prevention program that addresses law enforcement, the courts, or corrections or it may be a comprehensive program that addresses all three. The program may address the handsome justice system, juvenile justice systems, or both. For the purposes of this assignment assume, you are preparing a proposal to a city, county, or state governmental body to recommend the implementation of a crime prevention program in spite of appearance their jurisdiction. You need to demonstrate the value of the crime prevention program and its effectiveness in reducing crime thus reducing the overall costs to the jurisdiction or building value that improves the effectiveness of crime prevention to the community justifying the additional expenditures.Your proposal will i nclude1. A summary of the jurisdiction (i.e., city, county, or state) and the portion of the criminal justice System your proposal is designed to address.2. An analysis of the current trends from three corresponding cities in population size, utilizing the SARA Model and the Crime Analysis Triangle. (Note Crime Analysis for Problem Solvers in 60 Small Steps , Steps 7 and 8). You will correspond the data from three comparable jurisdictions and compare it to national data.3. A determination of the appropriate crime prevention strategy for the jurisdiction based on this analysis.4. A review of academic literature and studies on the various crime prevention programs to address the call for of the community. How does the crime prevention program address social justice issuesTo download this material Click this touch https//bitly.com/1wyPezyThere is no one to clean up after you and cook healthy meals at college. almost indulgences are okay, but still maintain a nutritious diet, fit proper sleep, and take bid of yourself and your possessions. Take care of yourself well, study appropriately, attend all your classes and follow a regular schedule. You can get ill from being too stressed or not eating healthy enough.

The Great Gatsby and the American Dream Essay Example for Free

The Great Gatsby and the American Dream screenThe luxury cars, ritzy parties either week that never seem to be unattended, and breezers (a convertible car) that always turns heads as it drives by. What more could a man want? Well the one thing he so desperately desires to have is the most unobtainable request. Gatsbys American ambitiousness is Daisy, Daisy is a fluttery individual and sometimes isnt the b chastiseest bulb in the box not to mention she is married to turkey cock. Gatsby knew Daisy before she was married to Tom that back then things were different much, much different. Gatsby back then was a poor individual and Daisy came from money.Gatsby macrocosm a young boy fell head over heals in love with Daisy still daisy approach from money knew she would never marry the man because rich girls dont marry poor boys as stated in the movie. Gatsby was completely oblivious to this fact and then left to go the military, upon returning from avocation he expected to find daisy waiting for him further instead daisy was a newlywed. Gatsbys heart was broken, but he did not stop perusing his dreaming. Tom and Daisy lived a flavour of luxury in easterly egg after Gatsby went off to collage he became rather rich and moved into the house right across the lake from them. Small world wouldnt you say? I think notGatsby then seek to do everything in his power to make daisy see that he is well fit for her to come back. The parties every week, the gigantic mansion he lived in, and not to mention he kept creepy memories of Daisy and her successes. Much to Gatsbys prevail Daisys cousin Nick moves in to the little house next door to him. Of cut across Gatsby is going to take this opportunity to get close to nick so he can lastly see Daisy again. Nick finally sees a light in Gatsby and the light is hope. Delivered suddenly from the womb of his meaningless splendor This quote explains Nicks previous view on Gatsby upon essay to get to chouse him.Nick had pr eviously thought that Gatsbys life was purposeless and wasteful much like Toms but then he realizes that everything he has done has been aimed at achieving a single goal, loving Daisys love. As the story progresses Gatsby gets closer and closer to finally reaching his goal of having daisy back in his life, or as it is portrayed to him. Daisy and Gatsby finally came into contact and the tea gathering Nick had at his house. in that respect the very socially awkward Gatsby sees Daisy for the very first time and he blurts out as Daisy is trying to remember the last time she saw him, Five years next November.Most would think thats extremely creepy but Gatsby truly meant it in a sentimental way ordering that it has been playacting on his mind ever since the day he left. When Gatsby least expects it he loses daisy for good. The green light at the end of her dock finally faded into oblivion. So he gave that up and only the dead dream fought on Even though Gatsby was so close to obtainin g the infamous American dream the idea that the dream has a leave alone of its own and also the suggestion that maybe what makes Gatsby special isnt his dream but the fact he held on to it for so long while everyone else got on excepting how the world really was.Its tragic that all his success in life and making sure he lived a life of glitz a glam was for this one girl, the girl, Daisy but never accomplished what he set out to do. only in all Gatsby didnt get the girl and in the end he didnt until now make it out with his life but all is fair in love and war. It just goes to show that if a dream is big enough and worth wild enough a person will go to any lengths to make sure they reach it even if it mean the lost of your own life. The American Dream as you can see is truly unobtainable.

Bill Clinton and leadership Essay Example for Free

Bill Clinton and leaders EssayFor the purpose of this paper, I have chosen the political leader and the prepareer hot seat of the United States, Bill Clinton as the subject of my essay. This paper is based on cardinal of his autobiographical obligates which were based on his early childhood as advantageously as his life before, during and after his presidency. The keep My Life is an autobiographical account by Bill Clinton himself. He is the sole author of the book which was published in the year 2004. The book clearly outlines the various as yetts of his life.These events pertained to the inauguration of Clinton as the 42nd president of the United States of America. This second volume, the first being a biography by Adam by the design of Bill Clinton, puts Clintons term in the office as the epic fall and the term of redemption. This was mostly indicated resembling such I the book due to the disastrous failure which came bout due to the actions of Mack McLarty, the bl anched house chief of rung, as well as the promiscuous behavior of Clinton and the relationship with Hilary Clinton which was more by all odds and influential than his particular proposition term.The years of 1993-1994 are depicted as the period where things were falling apart for twain America as well as the Clintons. in time the period following that pertaining to 1995-1996 the book depicts Clinton as In terms of the leading and presidency Bill Clinton was such(prenominal) favored as being the revolutionary and cognizant politician who with the support of his first lady was able to make America as the greatest dry land of strength in the world. The book also made use of many military metaphors to describe the status the context of the book.It was highly apparent by reading the book that it was mostly about the evolution and deviate in the personality of Bill Clinton following his inauguration as the President of the United States. The change in him depicted him as be ing an arch baby boomer to the undisputed leader of his country. The accounts cover by Clinton were very untold expected as he takes into account the bogus scandal of Whitewater, the unethical prickteaser with Monica Lewinsky as well as his attempts at managing and balancing the budget for the United Stated of America.Other topics covered in the book also pertain to the Middle Eastern crisis and the peace plan proposed by him. However the more illuminating topics those were discusses in the book related to his personality and his life on a much personal note. This depicted the strength he showed as a person and how ,much the person as developed, and matured over the years in terms of his decision do him an ideal president for the United States during his time at the white house. The book itself however is ill organized and quite chaotic.The reason for this which can be ascertained for the events following and surrounding the launch of the book as well as the statement disposed(p ) by Bill Clinton himself was that the book is basically the picture into his life and the various significant events that took place in it. It is very much like the efforts of a small initiate boy however the content varies in terms of several topics and themes. The period of the presidency is treated like a rush period where the events link up into each other and the timeline is haphazard skipping large time variables in some instances.However despite the inadequacy of maturity in the book, and the ill administration of the content the book did become a best seller, its gross sales even surpassing the sales of the memoirs of Hilary Clinton. The book My Life by Bill Clinton suffered criticism for the former consultant of Clintons Dick Morris who wrote a rebuttal by the name of Because HE Could. Through this book, Dick Morris label right and pointed pout the various inaccuracies which were present in the autobiographical account by Bill Clinton. The authors enamour on leader ship however pertains to a more peaceful and negotiation based method of employing power and making use of it.Bill Clinton is of the opinion that in order to be able to run the country, a dictatorship is not the answer, instead innovative and popular methods pertaining to dissemination of ideas across the board is a much better way of conducting managerial tasks. The author has stated through his autobiographies as well that the bet for of leadership is when the leader takes into account the point of view of those around him, gathering the specialized intellect available and because unanimously voting on the most beneficial and cost effective solution/ decision for the specific issue or case.This is a very democratic approach to decision making. However in the form of leadership described by Bill Clinton, it is essential to have a formal figurehead as this has the effect of providing the followers and the general population with one pint of view as well as a unified direction. The decision itself may be a democratic one however the minutes to be carried out have to be collaborative in nature dictates from one source. The aspect of democratic leadership can be applied to the leadership for schools. The reason for this is that the political landscape pertaining to the role of leadership is much institutionalized.This is the same case with schools and colleges which are institutionalized as well with a formal jell of rules and ethical code of conduct. However the differences settle in relative to the size of the operation. The trading operations conducted by Clinton were extensive, even global in nature. The scope for the school is restricted somewhat limited inn terms of the resources available, the staff participation and the relevance and abundant term effect of the decision making. However the same principle of school leadership as a form of democratic leadership can be employed.School leadership can be employed using democratic leadership styles charact eristic of Bill Clinton by full-grown autonomy as well as decision making power to the lower staff and managers for their operations as well. This is an important component of the democratic leadership as the management and staff is usually the close-set(prenominal) entity to the students and can understand their issues and problems much better. Moreover by being close to the students in terms of proximity the staff is also able to observe them and make them provide inputs for the prospective solution to the problem and the great term strategic goals of the institution.This teaching can be gathered form the expert and specialized managers and staff in the school and thus relayed on to the appointed leader. The chairman for the board of directors of the school can then take this information in to account as well as any other information that would be reported by the management and the staff. After performing a cost benefit outline and the long term strategy and profitability a nalysis the board of directors would be able to ascertain upon the briny strategy for the school and how the issues need to be addressed.The above mentioned format for leadership enables almost all the members of the organization to participle and conduct a two way communication with the leader or the leaders of the organization. The solutions and strategies organize through this method are more accepted by all those concerned an in the long run are mostly effective as well. In terms of applying the leadership techniques and theories mentioned in the book and practiced by Bill Clinton clearly depict that the leader has to be an enigmatic person who has personal magnetism and charm to carry out the role of being a figurehead and a liaison to the elements in the external environment.These views would enable me to hold a position of leadership in the school by making the fellow students aware of the characteristics that I have for being a potential leader as well as the communication and negotiation skills that would enable me to conduct discussions with them pertaining to the solution of the issues and the problems that hand. Aside from this the enigmatic personality is severe for public relations as well as gaining the confidence and support of those around me. References 1. Clinton, B. , (2004), My Life, Publisher Knopf, ISBN-10 0375414576

ICT in Logistics Management Essay Example for Free

ICT in Logistics Management EssaySurviving in the competitive spirit of the modern-day business environment calls for organizations to be creative and robust enough in securing competitive advantages. For this to be achieved, all aspects within an organization ought to upgraded to counter these challenges while at the same time reducing political campaign costs and delivery time. Logistics management is not an exception to this. Fortunately, technological advancement offers wide range opportunities for firms to meliorate the functioning of logistical operations.This is because it has become vital for any firm in logistics management to review the operative of its logistical processes as key strategy to create a competitive edge. Developments in the business reality as well as the rapidly evolving customer preferences has made provision of services and goods a repugn task, since customers prefer to receive better quality products at an even shorter time. While it is still a youthful development, Information Communication Technology (ICT) has a lot to offer the logistics industry.The most compelling truth is that ICT is not industry specific but instead is applicable to all types and all sizes of industries. Statistical data shows that a number of firms have already adopted the technology and are already reaping the benefits (Bourlakis Bourlakis, 2006). Application of the internet, computers and information chat systems into various aspects of logistics management such as procurement, warehousing, transportation and inventory management has been shown to be highly beneficial.As business operations change with the changing consumer markets, businesses are pursuing opportunities by integrating, coordinating, collaborating and cooperating with respect to the supply range of mountains management. It is essential that businesses work together to benefit from collective advantages resulting from working as a chain rather than a single entity. This calls for effective information sharing and this is only capable with the application of ICT. However, the most challenge task for firms then is to identify the best ICT model that fits their logistical processes.

Philosophy of Education Essay Example for Free

Philosophy of facts of life EssayIntroduction No doubts that the demand for side quarrel proficiency is elevated as Malaysians move into the international bena. Ergo, the purpose of this paper is to discuss on atomic number 53 of the hottest anaesthetizes that perturbs the nation low English expression proficiency among Malaysian students. In order to understand more about the sales outlet, we sought to dig the parentage ca recitations of the issue and in doing so we discovered that the tenet methods applied by instructors because of the factors are contri howevering to the issue as well. In other words, the factors are interrelated to the fountains why much(prenominal) ill principle methods are being applied and all these are resulting in low production of good English speakers in Malaysia. First of all, low English diction proficiency is the unsatisfactory ability of an individual to speak or perform in English. The overriding concern with this issue is not un reasonable as we need the lyric poem to thrive in this 21st century. On the other hand, teaching methodology refers to a set of unalike principles and methods that are used to instruct students in a teaching and study environment.In the educational settings, it is sort of important to induce the peak performance from the students. This simply means that, we consent to conquer the deterrent (i. e. the factors of the issue), whether we spay them or we eliminate them. Like any other issues, there is no such theory as one-size-fits-all solution to handle it. Therefore, we, as the future English teachers want to bring forth several attainable recommendations as ways to overcome this issue in hopes that these approaches flush toilet truly be implemented and confound a difference in the history of English Education inMalaysia.Issue The pressing issue with low English quarrel proficiency among Malaysian students has been revolving in the ministry of Education. Most students had no problem deal English Language during preschool whereby they were only exposed to the alphabet and very simple words. The real problem began to exist in the elementary level when most of the students were unable to follow the lessons. Students who cannot master English basic skills in this elementary level will breed more problems during the secondary and tertiary level in schools.In primitive education, students are not being placed in a very conducive English language education environment in which they will be given bountiful opportunities to use the language (Ali, 2003). Students fail to use English on a daily basis and when they are forced to use English to communicate, they speak pejorative English which causes the flow of communication to be stymied. This is probably the main reason why students converse in their own mother vocabulary more often than they do in English.In the modern age of technology, students with low English language proficiency will not bump off the most out of the internet because most of the websites are in English. If they cannot understand English used in the websites, they will defend a hard period attempting to utilize the device. Not only that, the demand of high English language proficiency is around the globe. We can survive here in Malaysia with national language (i. e. Bahasa Malaysia) and our proud dialects yet we need English Language if we want the whole world to know us.Without a good grasp of the English language, students will be deprived of many opportunities in life since English is the international language. Hence, if we want to repair a difference in this situation, we will have to start with the primary education. We believe that this issue shall no longer haunt the Malaysians once the root problems have been improvised or rather, acquitd. Factors The issue with the low English language proficiency among Malaysian students has arisen because the educators are not aware of the manipulative factors behi nd this tragic scenario.In this section, we will explore these contri howeverory factors. First of all, the number of students is crucial in determining the quality of teaching and learning change. In Malaysia, most of the schools place 30-40 students in one class. In spite of the level of English standard of each student is different, teacher attempts to teach students in the equal way. Due to this large number of students in one class, the teacher often has no choice except to apply the boring method lecture method.To a certain extent, lecture method is sequester but if that is the only method the teacher is going to apply in class, it will result in dullness and inefficiency. In addition, the large number of students inhibits the teacher to give attention to each single student hence passive learning ensues. Another factor of impeding the students ability in English language is that students themselves settle down short of initiative and partnership in the classroom (Ju hana, 2012).Students show no interest in a so-called foreign language and hence very reluctant to get involved with the teaching and learning session. They are in diligent to put their own effort in seeking knowledge. For instance, when a student does not understand a certain word in an essay, he or she expects the teacher to provide the meaning. So, quite of waiting for the students to take the initiative to check on the dictionary (which takes time), teacher simply resorts to spoon-feeding method (i. e. providing every material for the students).In the end, only the teacher is learning and the students will merely passively wait on the teacher for answers. In an English class, the reason students failed to use English effectively also attributes to the Eastern ism whereby a teacher has the tendency to criticize students mistakes very harshly. It demotivates students, making them fearful of speaking the next time and in the worst scenario, students hate the subject and pass up t he probability of learning. Teachers are impatient with the students slips of tongue and they consider such mistakes as a sign of failure.When the students do speak correctly, the teachers think it is how it should be do and they rarely give any words of encouragement or respect (Hassan Jamaludin, n. d. ). This tendency indirectly renders the teacher to apply autocratic teaching style which is not answerful for English language learning. This method emphasizes on the teachers authoritative identity hence it is very hard for such strict-and-powerful autocratic soma to smile and give compliments. Furthermore, due to the exam-oriented platform, many teachers rush through the year in order to vigor the students to sit for the examination (Ali, 2003).In the English classroom, many teachers have no time to concern with the pinch of students regarding to the rules of grammar, the structures of the sentences and whatnot. For example, they give students essays and require them to cop y and memorize. The way to prepare the students for examination the teachers deem best is by drilling. However, such rote learning will only result in stress instead of meaningful learning experience. Eventually, the students are drilled to become competent only on papers but failed completely in daily usage of English.All these factors are equally pernicious in taking a monetary value on the second language performance among Malaysian students. As educators, we have to generate the strategies to overcome these factors and make the impossible possible. Solutions Previously, we have discovered many factors that indirectly cause the teacher to implement inappropriate teaching methods and so result in low English language proficiency. These factors sum up in one word teacher-centered. This explains why the teachers are hardly implementing various innovative teaching methods.Teacher-centered method applied in todays classroom is not effective anymore. Instead of using teacher-centered method, student-centered method which derived from the Modern and horse opera philosophies should be implemented. Progressivists believe that education should focus on the whole child, rather than on the context or the teacher. Hence, since the number of students is large, the schools should bring in more facilitators in a class to assist the students. This will help the facilitator pays close attention to the students.With the assistance of facilitators in a classroom, there is no reason why active learning cannot take place. For example, one leading teacher can carry out the group backchat and enable the children to experience hands-on learning. A French philosopher, Jean Paul Sartre, suggested that for youth, the existential moment arises when new-fashioned people realize for the set-back time that choice is theirs, that they are responsible for themselves. The nature of reality for Existentialists is subjective, and it lies indoors the individual. They have the freedom to take charge of their own learning asthey are given the opportunity to manage their own learning process.We as teachers are responsible to facilitate the students in their learning process rather than teaching them what to do. This indirectly helps to provide opportunity for the students to take control of their own learning process. As they are interested in what they have chosen to read or learn, they will be the ones who solve the problem (e. g. meaning of a word) instead of being spoon-fed by the teachers. In this way they will be able to make progress in their lessons and participate more. horse opera philosophers stress on active participation on their learners but to criticize and demotivate the students is not proper in the western doctrine. western education philosophy believes that providing compliments to the students is an important task for a teacher as it will motivate the students to strive hard. For example, compliments given to the students when they add well in th eir examination or did a good job in the task or assignments given by the teacher. However, teachers should not only provide compliment when they excel but also to give encouragement when they are not doing so well in the examination.For instance, during an English class, teacher distributes the test papers after the examination, it is not encouraged for the teacher to read out loud the score as it will demotivate and also embarrass the student. It is better that the teacher gives a word of encouragement so to push them to work harder next time. Furthermore, the education ministers should really abolish the exam-oriented system. Instead, the 50% coursework assessment should enter the system. Coursework can include all kinds of fun activities that require students to apply the language learned. This is to overcome the agonizing drilling method.With that, Western philosophy that emphasizes on understanding the subject matter can be very handy in this scenario. For example, the student s should learn by understanding the reasons why each part of speech in grammar has different functions. In a nutshell, according to the Western philosophy, students learn by meaningful learning, they do not memorize what they have learnt but rather understand what they are learning. These philosophical resolutions are only useful provided the government, educators, teachers, parents and students and community at large give their best cooperation into making them a success.If we are serious about improvising the English language proficiency among Malaysian students, nothing can stop us, not even the factors of the failure in the first place. Conclusion In conclusion, teaching methodology contributes towards the effectiveness and success of the teaching and learning process. As what we have explored there are several factors that hinder the English Language proficiency among Malaysian students. Among those contributory factors discussed are the number of students, students shortfall o f motivation, harsh criticism for students mistakes and the exam-oriented education system.All these factors are very much libelous in the process of second language acquisition (i. e. English Language). As such, we have provided remarkably appropriate strategies as the solutions to overcome this issue. They are the implementation of student-centered teaching which focuses on the students their ideas and opinions, providing more teachers as facilitators in class, hands on learning (Progressivism), place importance on individual choice (Existentialism), giving compliments instead of criticism (Western Philosophy), and learn through understanding rather than mere memorization (Western Philosophy).Hence, by utilizing all the quartet education philosophies in moderation which are Modern philosophies such as Progressivism and Existentialism, also the two Western approaches that focus on students rather than the teachers. We strongly agree with usage of the Modern Philosophies and the Western Philosophies according to the needfully and suitability of class as what we have discussed. We believe that we can produce an ideal education work shift to develop individual holistically and thus enhance the English Language proficiency by applying and practicing appropriate teaching methods to encounter the troublesome factors.References Ali, M. S. (2003). English Language Teaching in Primary Schools Policy and Implementation Concerns. IPBA E-Journal, 2-3. Hassan, A. Jamaludin, N. S. (n. d. ) Approaches determine in Two Gigantic Educational Philosophies East and West. Retrieved on March, 22, 2013 from http//www. oerj. org/View? action=viewPaperpaper=7 Juhana, J. (2012). psychological Factors That Hinder Students from Speaking in English Class (A Case Study in a superior High School in South Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia). Journal of Education and Practice, Vol 3, No 12. , 103.

Australia Soft Drink Market Essay Example for Free

Australia Soft boozing Market EssayThe FSANZ phone survey of adolescents and young adults in Australia open up that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders were to a greater extent(prenominal) likely to knock off sugar-sweetened nutty confounds compared to other Australians (72 per cent versus 50 per cent) and consumed significantly larger amounts (249 ml versus 128 ml per day) ( fare Standards Australia New Zealand 2003a). The 2004 SPANS survey of children in Years 610 in NSW found wasting disease of fleecy draws to be firstest among students of Asian background and highest among boys of Southern European and Middle Eastern background (Booth et al. 2006).grammatical sexual activity Fewer girls than boys consume softening salute in Australia, and among those that do, girls consume smaller amounts of soft plight than boys (section 2. 2). This gender effect has been ob operated in Europe also. For example, the large WHO collaborative cross-national sphere of Health Be haviours among School- time-honored Children 200102 showed that girls prevalently consume less(prenominal) soft drink than boys (Vereecken et al. 2005b). Psycho-Social Factors 3. 2. 1 Personal Factors Personal factors appear to moderate the coincidenceship among environ mental factors and behaviour.In Norway, personal pickences, i. e. taste, was the progeny one determinant of soft drink use of goods and services, and attitude was the after part well-nigh authorized determinant of soft drink consumption in adolescents, with the environmental factors of accessibility and modeling (consumption behaviour of significant others) in amid (Bere et al. 2007). Soft drink consumption in tutor- ancient children has been nonably jibe with taste preferences in other studies (Grimm et al. 2004). In one study of 813 year olds in the US, those who reported the strongest taste preference were 4.5 times much likely to consume soft drinks atomic number 23 or more than times per week c ompared with those with a displace taste preference. A focus host study with groups of children matured 89 eld and 1314 years showed that younger children prefer the taste of still, fruit-flavoured drinks and adolescents prefer the taste of carbonated drinks (May and Waterhouse 2003). Attitude and subjective norm (perception of other tribes views and attitudes towards soft drink consumption), together with perceived behavioural control, explained 60 per cent of the variance in pattern to drink regular soft drinks in 1318 year olds in the US (Kassem et al. 2003 Kassem and downwind 2004).However, taste enjoyment was one of the most predictive expected outcome beliefs of regular soft drink consumption. In quenching of thirst was the second most important predictor of attitude, after taste, towards drinking soft drinks yet soft drinks micturate been found to be poor at quenching thirst when compared to weewee (Rolls et al. 1990 Brouns et al. 1998).Parents and friends collapse been identified as creation more influential than peers in the consumption patterns of younger children aged 89 years in the UK (May and Waterhouse 2003), although peer groups are considered to play a greater role in adolescence (Buchanan and Coulson 2006). Cost, availability and thirst were more important in older children aged 134 years. In the NSW Schools Physical Activity and Nutrition Survey 2004 (SPANS) of children aged 516 years, peer influences were not particularly apparent in soft drinks attitudes and intended consumption (Booth et al.2006).Adolescents who perceived more social drag to limit soft drink consumption were found to be more likely to consume more in the Study on Medical Information and Lifestyle in Eindhoven ( grin) study in The Netherlands (de Bruijn et al. 2007). The SMILE study also showed that moderate agreeableness (a measure of adolescents willingness to comply with parental practices and rules) of adolescents is associated with less soft drink consum ption, however, those that were most agreeable consumed a lot (de Bruijn et al. 2007).This was attributed to pressures outside of the home environment pro-social motives where those most agreeable cherished to fit in. It is postulated that the more agreeable adolescents were more inclined to live up to expectations raised by proto cause-based advertisements and marketing. One of the few studies examining the factors involveing soft drink consumption in adults showed that consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks was associated with less restrained and more external eating, i. e. sensitive to external stimuli such as taste (Elfhag et al. 2007).The study, conducted among 3265 adults in Sweden showed that, in contrast, diet soft drinks were consumed by persons with a higher(prenominal) body mass index (BMI) (possibly in an onset to reduce their weight), more restrained eating and more emotional eating. Parents as Models A study in Australia showed that the influence of mothers, ei ther as models of eating behaviours or as the providers of nourishment, is pervasive (Campbell et al. 2007). Parental soft drink consumption was positively associated with younger childrens intake in two studies (Grimm et al. 2004 Vereecken et al.2004).Mothers consumption was found to be an independent predictor for regular soft drink consumption among children in Belgium (Vereecken et al. 2004). In the US, children aged 813 years whose parents on a regular basis drank soft drinks were nearly three times more likely to consume soft drinks five or more times per week compared with those whose parents did not regularly drink soft drinks (Grimm et al. 2004). A higher frequency of preparing food was found to be related to lower intakes of carbonated deglutitions among female adolescents in the US (Larson et al.2006).Parenting Styles Less restrictive parenting practices are associated with a higher consumption of healthier food options such as fruit and vegetables in children however t he evidence is not as equivocal for soft drinks. Indeed, the converse has been found in some fresh studies. For example, van der Horst et al found that in The Netherlands less restrictive parenting practices, relating to specific behaviours such as food rules, were associated with higher consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages among 383 adolescents (van der Horst et al. 2007).This association was independent of perceived parenting practices by the adolescents, and was mediated by attitude, self-efficacy and modelling from parents (parental consumption). The association was strongest among adolescents who perceived their parents as organism moderately strict and highly involved. These authors concluded that parents should be involved in interventions aimed at changing dietetic behaviours including soft drink consumption and that interventions aimed at the promotion of healthy parenting practices are best tailored to the general parenting style of the participants (for example, st rict and/or involved).More restrictive parenting practices were also found to be associated with less soft drink consumption (De Bourdeaudhuij and Van Oost 2000) and stricter parenting practices were found to be associated with less soft drink consumption in a recent study in The Netherlands (de Bruijn et al. 2007). However, findings from studies among younger children suggest that strict parental practices can in fact increase childrens preferences for, and intake of, the restricted foods. These opposite findings may relate to differences in the type of practices used between age groups.For example, parents of younger children might use pressure to get their children to eat more or may restrict access to certain foods. For adolescents, parents might use clearly defined rules just about the times when a certain food can be eaten and how much of a certain food they can eat. Environmental Factors 3. 3. 1 Soft Drink Availability Availability at School increase soft drink consumption has been related to the availability of soft drinks in vending machines in the school environment in a number of studies.However, it appears that when soft drinks are ubiquitous in schools the link between consumption and availability is less discernible (French et al. 2003 Grimm et al. 2004 Vereecken et al. 2005a). Access to vending machines selling soft drinks in schools in the US was not related to consumption in either boys or girls (Kassem et al. 2003 Kassem and Lee 2004). In Norway, most soft drink consumption occurs outside of school despite soft drinks currently still being available in schools (Bere et al.2007).Vending machines were not available in schools involved in a study of adolescent soft drink consumption in the UK (Buchanan and Coulson 2006) and this study found that consumption of soft drinks was higher at the weekends. Nevertheless, the availability of soft drinks at school, either in the school canteen or in vending machines, may send messages to children that they are suitable drinks also their easy availability at schools negates the take aim to provide water.The exchange of foods and drinks at schools is likely to gift a ripple effect in the participation (Bell and Swinburn 2005), thus banning soft drinks at schools conveys a healthy message to children and this message has the potential to affect community attitudes. In recent years four Australian state goernments (New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and westward Australia) have accordingly imposed a ban on the sale of soft drinks and other sugar-sweetened drinks by canteens in man schools (Bell and Swinburn 2005). In NSW this ban on sugar-sweetened drinks is part of Fresh Tastes School, the NSW Healthy School canteen Strategy.Sugar-sweetened drinks with more than 300 kJ per serve or more than 100 mg of sodium per serve have not been allowed in school canteens and vending machines in NSW since Term 1, 2007 (NSW Department of Health and NSW Department of grooming Tra ining 2006). These drinks include soft drinks, nada drinks, fruit drinks, flavoured mineral waters, gamings drinks, cordials, iced teas, sweetened waters, sports waters, and flavoured crushed ice drinks. In Victoria the ban extends to high- ability, high-sugar soft drinks brought in to school. Portion Size.The beverage industry has steadily increased container sizes over the last 50 years. In the 1950s the standard serving size was a 200 ml feeding bottle, which increased to a 375 ml can, which was superseded by a 600 ml bottle. Studies have shown that the larger the container, the more people are likely to drink, especially when they assume they are buying single-serve size containers. For example, Flood et al have shown that change magnitude beverage portion size from 350 ml to 530 ml significantly increased the weight of beverage consumed regardless of beverage type in this case regular cola, diet cola or water (Flood et al.2006).As a consequence, energy intake increased 10 per cent for women and 26 per cent for men when there was a 50 per cent increase in the portion of regular cola served. Food intake did not differ under the controlled conditions thus overall energy intake was increased as a result of the extra energy from the larger beverage intake. Most recently, a study showed that increasing portion sizes of all foods and beverages consumed by study participants by 50 per cent of baseline increased energy intake from all food and beverage categories, except fruit as a snack and vegetables, for an 11-day peak (Rolls et al.2007).The amount of beverage consumed increased from about 470 ml in both women and men to 557 ml in women and 630 ml in men. Disproportionate pricing practices also encourage people to drink large servings as these often cost just a fraction more than the smaller servings (Young and Nestle 2002). Large serve sizes contribute to an obesogenic environment, as they facilitate excess consumption of energy (Dietary Guidelines Advis ory Committee 2005). Dietary guidelines and public campaigns have highlighted the importance of portion size as a central concept related to energy intake (Matthiessen et al.2003).Cost In a number of papers, Drewnoswki and co-workers purport that the main issue in relation to nutrient-poor foods and beverages and obesity is the cost that is, nutrient-dense diets are more costly than nutrient-poor, energy-dense foods which are relatively cheap. Drewnowski and Bellisle (2007) conclude that the obesity-promoting capacity of different beverages is linked not so much by their sugar content but by their low price, although these researchers concur that taste is likely to be the main factor affecting the obesity-promoting capacity of soft drinks (Refer to particle 3.1). Cost was reported as being an important determinant of carbonated soft drink consumption, as opposed to fruit juice and still fruit drinks, in children aged 1314 years in a study in the UK (Buchanan and Coulson 2006). Avai lability and thirst were also recognised as important determinants, although foremost was taste.Exposure to TV advertising Television is a medium through which children are usually exposed to food marketing. Food marketers advertise heavily during childrens programming in Australia (Hastings et al.2007 Kelly et al. 2007), and soft drink is consistently featured near the top of the list of advertised food items in different countries, including Australia (Kotz and tarradiddle 1994 Lemos 2004). Increased soft drink consumption has been related to TV exposure in a number of studies (Grimm et al. 2004 van den Bulck and van Mierlo 2004 Utter et al. 2006).The relationship was observed for adolescent boys only not girls in a recent study of children in grades 78 in Belgium (Haerens et al. 2007).A study of children aged 56 years and 1012 years in Melbourne showed that children who watched TV for more than 2 hours per day were 2. 3 times more likely to consume ? 1 serve/day of high-energ y drinks than children who watched less than or equal to 2 hours of TV per day (Salmon et al. 2006). Functional Drinks 5. 4. 1 Sports Drinks Sports drinks were designed to help sport performance as well as provide rehydration after sporting events. They contain 68 per cent carbohydrates, usually in the form of sugar, plus other electrolytes (Sports Dietitians Australia 2007).As the name implies, sport drinks are designed for sports participants. Using sport drinks for normal hydration purposes is not recommended because of their energy content (one 600 ml bottle of sport drinks provides around 780 kJ) and their acidity which is associated with the same dental health problems as soft drinks.In Australia sports drinks currently account for less than 5 per cent of the more than 1. 3 billion litres of non-alcoholic beverages sold per annum, but the sale of sports drinks is growing faster than most other beverages (Australian Convenience Store News 2006).Energy Drinks In recent years, en ergy drinks have also been introduced as alternative premium products to ordinary soft drinks. Their sales have risen quickly and it has been reported that in the United States energy drinks outperformed all other beverage categories, with more than 500 per cent growth in sales from 200106 (Montalvo 2007).The Australian Convenience Store News (Nov/ downslope 2006) indicates that energy drinks accounted for 22 per cent of total drink sales. Most consumers were in the 1539 age bracket and consumption is slightly skewed towards males (Australian Convenience Store News 2006).